Problems and Prospects of MIS in Bangladesh Essay

Dear Sir, I would like to thank you for assigning us this subject to prepare the report. This task has given me the opportunity to explore one of the most important aspects of the MIS field which is its use in the SME activities. The topic of our assignment is â€Å"Problems and Prospects of MIS in Bangladesh† which contains a comprehensive study on the small and medium enterprise activities in BRAC Bank, Dhaka Bank and Mercantile Bank Limited. It was a great pleasure for me to work on the above-mentioned subject. I tried my best to put meticulous effort for the preparation of this assignment. Any shortcomings or flaw may arise as I am very much novice in this aspect. I would be grateful if you consider those from excusable manner. I will wholeheartedly welcome any clarification and suggestion about any view and conception disseminated in my assignment. Sincerely yours, Acknowledgement All praises to almighty Allah who has created us and has given us opportunities and strength to work with people. This report might never have been completed without the necessary practical knowledge, assistance of many books, articles, websites, and primary data. It enhanced our knowledge on SME activities of different banks as well as the problems of implementing MIS in those banks. Thanks to all those persons, who have assisted me, providing me co-operation, books and articles. I would like to express my special gratitude to our Sir, Rahimullah Miah for his supervision, co-operation and advises. The members of BRAC Bank, Dhaka Bank and Mercantile Bank management were very co-operative and helpful. They helped me through providing various data, guidance and direction. I am also grateful to all other employees of SME Reconciliation Department for their support and assistance. I would like to express my gratitude to all the people that were involved both directly and indirectly in the preparation of this report. I apologize to the people whose names that I have not mentioned, and their contribution is highly appreciated by me. Objectives of the study: The broad objective of this study includes the following: * To have a clear understanding about the concept of SME (Small & Medium Enterprises) * To know how SMEs work and operate in Bangladesh * To highlight the use and implementation of MIS (Management Information Systems) in the field of SME * To know and compare how different banks operate SME banking operation around the country though their extensive networks * To articulate major problems and challenges for implementing MIS in the SME sector Limitations of the study: The study has suffered from a number of limitations – * Limited time is a big constraint for this research. The topic of this report is vast in compared to the given time * More relevant data and information could not be collected due to non-availability of sufficient books and journals. Information in websites of banks is also insufficient. * Current and detail information about various SME sectors could not be found * Data from different banks is highly confidential for the outside people and access to software is not provided * Being females, we found many difficulties to gather necessary data and to prepare this report Methodology: Methodology is the process or system through which a study is being carried out for the purpose of collection of information that is required for reaching a conclusion on that study. In our study, information has been collected by using multiple tools. Much necessary information has been collected by from the personal observation and one to one discussion with the relevant officials. A questionnaire was designed to collect information on the use of SME loans, access to SME credit facilities and revenue-expenditure of the enterprises. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to get a broader view of the business environment for SMEs, their major drawbacks, labor market mechanisms, demand for other complimentary services, the strengths and weaknesses of SME services of different banks and a comparison with other players providing similar services. Complimentary information on indirect employment generation, governance problems and the costs of operation for SMEs was put together from in dividual case studies conducted at the branch offices of different banks that offer only SME credit services. Three practical banks, named BRAC Bank, Dhaka Bank and Mercantile Bank Ltd were selected as sample banks purposively considering the amount of loan size, interest rate, loan processing fees, period of loans, mode of finance and management. Policies relating to SME financing such as fiscal policy, monetary policy and internal policies of these banks were examined thoroughly with a view to find out the influence of existing policies on SME financing. Trend and pattern of bank financing to SME was analyzed by classifying the financing in terms of areas, rate of interest, types, category, and banks. The total methodology of the report is shown below for better clarity and easier understanding through flowchart construction. Figure 1: The Flow chart construction Primary data collection: Primary data of this assignment has been collected from: Branch Manager & Second Officer of different banks. Face to face conversation with SME department employees and staffs of different banks. Face to face conversation with clients of SME loans. Secondary data collection: Secondary data of this assignment has been collected from: Annual Reports and published financial statements of BRAC Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and Shahjalal Islamic Bank Limited. Various prescribed forms of bank investment in SME Different Research Paper regarding SMEs, Different Publications on SMEs of different banks Different text books, brochures, leaflets, files, research papers & materials. Official website of the three banks Data Analysis: The whole report is being prepared with the help of different computer applications such as MS Word, MS Excel, MS Access and MS PowerPoint. Data Compilation: The data required for this study were collected from both primary and secondary sources; however, majority of the information was collected from secondary sources. These two methods are discussed below- Chapter One 1.1 Introduction: Today it is widely recognized that information systems knowledge is essential for managers as most organizations need information systems to survive and prosper. An information system has many applications, MIS is one of them. Management information systems (MIS) is a specific category of information system that provides the required information to the management on a regular basis. It can be defined as collecting and processing of raw data into useful information and its dissemination to the user in the required format. In fact a full MIS includes all the systems that are designed to furnish management with information to assist in making decisions and to manage organizations efficiently and effectively. Today, the term MIS is used broadly in a number of contexts and includes decision support systems, resource and people management applications, enterprise resource planning (ERP), enterprise performance management (EPM), supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship managemen t (CRM), project management and database retrieval applications. In Bangladesh, the use of MIS in different organizations can be evidently found. However we will give our special focus on the small and medium enterprises. First of all, we need to know what is meant by an SME. An SME is defined as, â€Å"A firm managed in a personalized way by its owners or partners, which has only a small share of its market and is not sufficiently large to have access to the stock exchange for raising capital†. SMEs ordinarily have few accesses to formal channels of finance and depend  primarily upon savings of their owners, their families & friends. Consequently, most SMEs are sole proprietorships & partnerships. SMEs can be defined against various criteria. The three parameters that are generally applied by the Government of Bangladesh to define SMEs are: Capital investment in plant and machinery ï€  Number of workers employed ï€  Volume of production or turnover of business Again, according to the industrial Policy 1999 (IP- 1999), â€Å"Small Industries† are defined as industrial enterprises employing less than 50 workers and/or having a fixed capital investment of less than Tk.100 million. â€Å"Medium industry† covers enterprises employing between 50 and 99 workers and/or having a fixed capital investment between Tk. 100 and 300 million. â€Å"Cottage Industry† covers household-based industrial units operated mainly with family labour Role of SMEs in Bangladesh: SMEs are recognized as engines of economic growth and employment generation for sustainable industrialization in both developed and developing countries of the world. In context of Bangladesh, there is no alternative of small and medium enterprises for rapid industrialization and national economic growth through lower capital investment and employment generation. The commonly perceived merits often emphasized for their promotion especially in a developing country like Bangladesh include their relatively high labour intensity, dependence on indigenous skills and technology, contributions to entrepreneurship development and innovativeness and growth of industrial linkages. The case for fostering SME growth in Bangladesh is irrefutable as these industries offer bright prospects for creating large-scale employment and income earning opportunities at relatively low cost for the un-and unemployed especially in the rural areas strengthening the efforts towards achieving high and sustained economic growth which are critically important  prerequisites for triggering an exit from endemic poverty and socio-economic deprivation. SMEs in the economy of Bangladesh: In Bangladesh about 90% of the manufacturing and service industries are fallen under SMEs category. SMEs account for about 45% of manufacturing value addition in Bangladesh. They account for about 80% of industrial employment, about 90% of total industrial units and about 25% of total labour force. Its total contribution to export earnings varies from 75- 80% based on the Economic Census 2001-2003 (The New Nation, 2008). According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, SME’s provide about 44 percent employment of the country. It contributes Tk 14,940 crore (149.40 billion) to the GDP during the fiscal year 2006-07. In another statistics we find that the total number of SMEs is estimated at 79754 establishments, of which 93.6% are small and 6.4% are medium. The 2003 Private Sector Survey estimated that about 6 million micro, small, and medium enterprises defined as enterprises with fewer than 100 employees, contributed around 20-25% of GDP (The New Nation, 2008). On the above statistics it is evident that the small business enterprises are very strong in terms of the number and their contributions, thus the overall development of Bangladesh’s SMEs are depending largely on the development of small scale enterprises. Higher growth of the SMEs can help eradicate poverty to a satisfactory level by removing various prejudices against labor intensive approach and creating jobs for the skilled manpower. Uses of MIS in SME: MIS can offer small and medium businesses a number of advantages. Today, leading companies and organizations are using information technology as a competitive tool to develop new products and services, forge new relationships with suppliers, edge out competitors, and radically change their internal operations and organizations. For example, using MIS strategically can help a company to become a market innovator. By providing  a unique product or service to meet the needs of customers, a company can raise the cost of market entry for potential competitors and thus gain a competitive advantage. Another strategic use of MIS involves forging electronic linkages to customers and suppliers. This can help companies to lock in business and increase switching costs. Finally, it is possible to use MIS to change the overall basis of competition in an industry. For example, in an industry characterized by price wars, a business with a new means of processing customer data may be able to create unique product features that change the basis of competition to differentiation. The successful MIS supports a business’s long range plans, providing reports based upon performance analysis in areas critical to those plans, with feedback loops that allow for titivation of every aspect of the enterprise, including recruitment and training regimens. MIS not only indicate how things are going, but why and where performance is failing to meet the plan. These reports include near-real-time performance of cost centers and projects with detail sufficient for individual accountability. Although SMEs have the potentials, at the rapidly increasing age of internet, to utilize the newly emerged technology dependent communication and information mediums, in acquiring their competitiveness, the slow rate of adoption is evident. Great opportunities can be cre ated in the SME sector through the operation and usage of different connected technologies, such as computer, internet and other information and communication technologies. In Bangladesh, the development of effective Management Information Systems holds a number of challenges for small and medium businesses. It is not exercised in these businesses although the technology is existent and the Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh has declared the information and communication technology as one of the thirst sectors of the country and taken diversified initiatives to motivate different enterprises to be connected and start operation of the technology. The newly elected government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh has declared their mission to develop the digital Bangladesh by 2021. On the abovementioned context it is evident that small businesses of our country are slow to apply technology to improve their competitiveness as they are affected by their sheer small size and limited resources Problems of implementing MIS in the SME sector: In a developing country like Bangladesh, building, operating, and maintaining appropriate Management information systems are challenging for a number of reasons. For example, some information cannot be captured and put into a system. Computers often cannot be programmed to take into account competitor responses to marketing tactics or changes in economic conditions, among other things. In addition, the value of information erodes over time, and rapid changes in technology can make systems become obsolete very quickly. Finally, many companies find systems development to be problematic because the services of skilled programmers are at a premium. However, considering the situation of our country, we can summarize these problems in the following points: 1) It is not easy to use workable information systems in the small and medium enterprises and to keep the flow of information system in the right way 2) The body of knowledge in MIS is relatively recent and scarce. Many of the terms used in MIS environments are unpractical, imprecise and controversial. 3) MIS problems often are not easy to define or structure 4) MIS implementation and installation can be very expensive for small size companies looking to manage their operations more effectively. 5) Properly trained employees are a critical part of an MIS. New employee hiring or employee training related to the MIS function adds to the implementation costs. 6) The online services of MIS are absent in the small and medium enterprises. For example, there is no scope for transferring accounts online or through ATM booth. 7) A lack of rapport often exists between MIS personnel and management and also between MIS personnel and users of an organization 8) Once an MIS is created and installed in a company, it may prove to be an inflexible system. Making changes quickly to reflect fluctuating business operations may not be possible depending on the MIS style and functionality. 9) Major business changes will require major changes to the MIS, leading to increased costs and downtime of information reporting. 10) The biggest flaw an MIS can have is pulling incorrect or inadequate information for management. This problem results in wasted time and money for the small and medium enterprises. SME in banking: Most SME ventures in Bangladesh depend on personal savings, family or other informal credit sources. In recognition of this failure of the financial market, attempts have recently been made to cater to it. Financial and development assistance designed specially for small and medium enterprises in Bangladesh is a new and upcoming trend. After the surge of micro-finance in the last two decades, small and medium enterprises have come to the limelight in the financial sector on account of their contribution to economy and yet limited access to finance. It was not until 2010 that the government and policymakers recognized the importance of providing extensive credit facilities to small and medium sector entrepreneurs to promote various initiatives, especially start-up enterprises as well as ones looking to scale up. The banks and other financial institutions, however, have been providing loans to such enterprises for long, though not in the nomenclature of SME Financing. Both micro-financ e institutions and banks are beginning to realize the potential of this market and designing new financial products for it. Now a days the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Financing has become an important area for Commercial Banks in Bangladesh. To align its corporate policy with the regulation of Central Bank, banks have become more concerned about SME and opened windows to conduct business in this particular area. Today, almost all banks and non-bank financial institutions (NBFI) in the country are providing loans to the sector, under different governmental schemes as well as through their own product portfolios. Some specialized financial organizations such as Basic Bank are also providing financial services to the SME sector. Since this segment of the market is relatively underserved, a number of formal financial institutions (e.g. Exim Bank, Islami Bank, NCC Bank) are gradually scaling down and designing financial products for them. In the financial sector reform program of Government of Bangladesh, increased financing for SMEs by banks is a major component. Bangladesh Bank, the national bank, has introduced $16 million  refinancing scheme to promote lending to SMEs by banks and financial institutions. In January 2005 , the bank had agreement with six banks and eight financial institutions and about 2,000 SMEs have benefited from the scheme upto the end of January (Bangladesh Bank). ‘Small and Medium Enterprise Sector Development Programme’, a $30 million project of Government of Bangladesh and ADB, is also in progress. However, these initiatives are still quite inadequate. Moreover, being an overlooked market for long, there is lack of knowledge about the clients and their needs reflecting in absence of appropriate lending methodology. Chapter Two Literature review: * In Bangladesh about 90% of the manufacturing and service industries are fallen under SMEs category. SMEs account for about 45% of manufacturing value addition in Bangladesh. They account for about 80% of industrial employment, about 90% of total industrial units and about 25% of total labour force. Its total contribution to export earnings varies from 75- 80% based on the Economic Census 2001-2003. (The New Nation, 2008). * According to the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, SME’s provide about 44 percent employment of the country. It contributes Tk 14,940 crore (149.40 billion) to the GDP during the fiscal year 2006-07. In another statistics we find that the total number of SMEs is estimated at 79754 establishments, of which 93.6% are small and 6.4% are medium. The 2003 Private Sector Survey estimated that about 6 million micro, small, and medium enterprises defined as enterprises with fewer than 100 employees, contributed around 20-25% of GDP – (The New Nation, 2008). * Today, the term MIS is used broadly in a number of contexts and includes decision support systems, resource and people management applications, enterprise resource planning (ERP), enterprise performance management (EPM), supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), project management and database retrieval applications. –Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon. Now in this part, we will discuss about the SME services of three different banks that operate within our country. 1) BRAC Bank: BRAC Bank, being the youngest bank, took a step to break away from usual tradition and tapped into the true suburb entrepreneurial initiatives. Today, with over 14,500 crores of loans disbursed till date, BRAC Bank is country’s largest SME financier that has made more than 320,000 dreams come true. SME Products of BRAC Bank: Name of Bank Product Loan size BRAC Bank Prapti account Any institution can open this account in the name of the Institution Opening balance only BDT. 10,000.00 & BDT. 5000 Anonno Rin From BDT 3 lac to BDT 9.5 lac Prothoma Rin From minimum BDT 3 lac up to maximum of BDT 9.5 lac Digoon Rin Minimum of 5 lac to maximum of 30 lac BDT Apurbo Rin Starting from BDT 8 lac to maximum of BDT 30 lac Pathshala Rin Minimum BDT 3 lac to maximum BDT 30 lac Aroggo Rin Minimum of 3 lac to maximum of 30 lac Anonno Rin: This is a small scale loan designed to finance small scale trading, manufacturing and service ventures, especially to aid the purchase of fixed assets and to finance working capital. Eligibility Entrepreneurs aged between 18 to 60 years Entrepreneurs with minimum 2 years experience in the same line of business A business which must be a going-concern with more than 1 year in operation Maximum Amount From minimum BDT 3 lac up to maximum of BDT 8 lac Features Loan without mortgage For excellent borrowers who have paid or paying in due times, we offer discounted rates Quick, quality banking throughout the country Potential women entrepreneurs will also get the facilities of this loan Apurbo Rin: In order to help our SME borrowers for financing working capital or to purchase fixed assets, BRAC Bank offers APURBO. It caters to the need of entrepreneurs who are operating in trading, manufacturing, service, agriculture, non-farm activities, agro- based industries and other sectors of our economy. Eligibility Entrepreneurs having a minimum of 3 years of some business activities A business which must be a going concern for 3 years Age minimum 25 years and maximum up to 60 years Maximum Amount Starting from BDT 8 lac to maximum of BDT 30 lac Features Without mortgage loan below 10 lac Simple loan processing for expanding your business Quick disbursement Disbursement in one or two installment Flexible monthly repayment loan Pathshala Rin: This is a loan designed to meet the needs of small and medium sized private educational institutions, such as kindergartens, schools and colleges etc. Eligibility A small & medium educational institute that is in operation for minimum 3 years The institution should be sole proprietorship, partnership, private limited company or society The educational institute must be a profit making concern Maximum Amount Minimum BDT 3 lac to maximum BDT 30 lac Features Without mortgage for loan below 10 lac Laon for fixed assets purchase & civil construction Loan repayment can be spread up to 4 years Minimum documentation Monthly repayment loan Quick disbursement Flexible interest rate based on security Aroggo Rin: This loan is suitable for private clinics, diagnostics centers and doctors’ chambers to purchase fixed assets under equated monthly installments. Eligibility Institutions with at least 2 years in operation & profit making concern Doctors having 5 years of experience Maximum Amount Minimum of 3 lac to maximum of 30 lac Features Loan without mortgage up to 8 lac Easy loan processing Loan repayment schedule is spread up to 3 years 1% loan processing fee Flexible interest rate based on security Digoon Rin: It is a loan facility for Small and Medium enterprise. This product’s main objective is to help various Small and Medium entrepreneurs to meet their short-study cash flow shortages or bridge the fund-flow gaps. Eligibility Entrepreneur having minimum 2 years of business activities he business which must be going concern for 2 years Aged between 18 years to 55 years Maximum Amount Minimum of 5 lac to maximum of 30 lac BDT Features Double amount of loan on your deposit Attractive return against the deposit Flexible repayment plan monthly installment and single installments Quick disbursement Highlights of SME Banking Division of BRAC Bank Number of Unit offices 429 Number of Staff 2,104 No of Loan disbursed (cumulative) 202,101 Cumulative Disbursement (in million BDT) 84,170.31 No. of outstanding Account 120,685 Portfolio in amount (in million BDT) 32,996.18 Amount of Deposit (in million BDT) 3,352.6 No of SME Sales & service Center 30 Sector wise Distribution of SMEs 2) Dhaka Bank Ltd: Since inception, the Dhaka Bank has held socio-economic development in high esteem and was among the first to recognize the potentials of SMEs. Dhaka Bank’s Involvement: Recognizing the SME segment’s value additions and employment generation capabilities quite early, the Bank has pioneered SME financing in Bangladesh in 2003, focusing on stimulating the manufacturing sector and actively promoting trading and service businesses. Story of a successful Branch in SME Financing: The Bank started branch operations at Belkuchi Sirajgonj in April 2003. Prior to the Bank’s intervention, the weaving community did not have the financial strength to stock their products till â€Å"Eid ul Fitr† when the annual sale takes place. Traders were taking advantage to the situation by buying up entire productions at low prices and liquidating stocks just before â€Å"Eid†. With financial services from Dhaka Bank Limited, the weavers have converted to power looms, significantly increased profitability and reduced the involvement of middlemen. The bank is now working on institutionalizing the learnings and applying them in other areas across Bangladesh, particularly in textiles, light engineering and other manufacturing clusters. Already it has identified several clusters and is working on improving access to finance within these clusters. Experience & Learnings A problem behind the lower end of the SME sector of Dhaka Bank is that it is unable to fully understand its needs. Even if these needs are understood, they are seldom met with the right product mix. Small business owners are unable to provide banks with required information of the right type and quality. This has created a gap between the borrower and the banks and has served to limit the outreach of SME financial products. In order to overcome this obstacle, Dhaka Bank SME Unit provides comprehensive support to prospective clients in evaluating their business and preparing the required documents in acceptable formats. In this regard, the Dhaka Bank SME Unit has been working in close collaboration with the USAID, the South Asia Enterprise Development Facility (SEDF) an International Finance Corporation (IFC) managed multidonor facility and the World Bank. The bank has recently been provided technical assistance by the World Bank and is also working with other development agencies and donors for continuous improvements in the products and services it offers. SME Transactions of Dhaka Bank: Product Cash Credit Eligibility All SME businesses where the key personnel have 2 years experience in the line of business. Satisfactory credit report Method of Appraisal The clients business experience, expertise, business volumes and monthly cash flow are used in the assessment process. Margins (indicative) The quality of receivables would be of importance in fixing margins up to which working capital is made available. Tenor Maximum 12 months (renewable) Pricing Risk based pricing strategy, in line with the market rates. Security Primary: †¢ Charge on the inventory and receivables. †¢ Charge on other current assets †¢ Personal guarantee of proprietor /partners/ directors. †¢ Charge on fixed assets. Secondary: †¢ Collateral security on a case-to-case basis. Interest Fixed Rate, typically for 12 months. Review Facility terms & pricing are both reviewed at least annually Processing fee Processing fee of 1% is generally charged on small loans. Actual fee charged is determined on a case-to-case basis. 3) Mercantile Bank Ltd : Mercantile Bank Limited provides Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) loan facilities to experienced and inexperienced entrepreneurs located in the urban and sub-urban areas to encourage new and educated young entrepreneurs to undertake productive ventures, to assist them to take part in the economic activities. A special credit scheme under the name and style â€Å"Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) Scheme† has been introduced to extend credit facilities to the small and medium entrepreneurs of the country. It’s SME products are: CHAKA (Term Loan). ANANYA (Women Entrepreneur’s Loan). CHALTI MULDHAN (Continuous Loan). SINGLE PAYMENT LOAN (Short Term Seasonal Loan) Subject SME Products CHAKA ANANYA CHALTI MULDHAN SINGLE PAYMENT LOAN Size Tk 0.50 -50.00 lac for SE Tk 0.50 -50.00 lac for SE Tk 0.50 -50.00 lac for SE Tk 0.50 -50.00 lac for SE & ME Tk 0.50 -500.00 lac for ME Tk 0.50 -500.00 lac for ME Segment SE & ME SE SE & ME SE & ME Tenure 1 – 5 years 1 – 5 years 1 year Maximum 9 months Grace period Maximum 6 months Maximum 6 months for term loan Nil N/A Interest rate 13%-15% p.a applicable as per mode of financing. 10% p.a 13% p.a 15% p.a Penal interest 1 % higher on overdue amount 1 % higher over the usual rate on overdue amount. 2 % higher on overdue amount. 1 % higher on overdue amount. Repayment EMI or at lum sum on or before expiry as applicable EMI or at lum sum on or before expiry as applicable At lum sum on or before expiry At lum sum on or before expiry Security PG, Cheques plus others as applicable PG, Cheques plus others as applicable PG, Cheques plus others as applicable PG, Cheques plus others as applicable Ù ­SME = Small & Medium Enterprise Ù ­SE=Small Enterprise Ù ­ME=Medium Enterprise Ù ­EMI=Equal Monthly Installment Ù ­ PG = Personal Guarantee Repayment of Loan: 1. Term Loan: Maximum 60 installments. 2. Working Capital: Maximum 12 installments, 40% of the loan amount should be recovered within 1st 6 months and remaining 60% should be recovered within next 6 months. At maturity the loan will be fully adjusted. After repayment of 75% of the loan the customer may apply for new credit facility. Selection of Borrower: 1. Small and medium enterprise financing, like other credit facilities must be subject to the Bank’s management process setup for this particular business. The process may include, identifying source of repayment and assessing customer’s ability to repay, expected future cash flows, his/her past dealings with the bank, the net worth and information from CIB. The bank must identify the key drivers of their borrowers business, the key risks to their business. 2. At the time of sanctioning facility under various modes of SME financing, a written declaration shall be obtained from the borrower disclosing details  of various facilities already obtained from other institutions to ensure that the total exposure in relation to the repayment capacity of the customer does not exceed the reasonable limits as laid down in the approved policies of the bank as well as to help avoid exposure having multiple facilities. 3. Age limit: The age of the proprietor / partners / directors must range between 21 years to 60 years. Fees and Charges of SME Financing: 1. Interest Rate: 15% (for women entrepreneur 10%) 2. Risk Fund: 1% 3. Service charge: 1% 4. Application Fee: Tk. 200.00 5. Loan Processing Fee: Tk. 500.00 Limit for Loan: Maximum Limit for small enterprises is Tk. 20.00 lac (Term loan and Working Capital) and Medium Enterprises is Tk. 50.00 lac (Term Loan and Working Capital). ATM Booth and SME Service Centre: The bank serves the customers by providing ATM Booth and SME Service Centre facilities. A number of ATM Booths and SME Service centers have been unlocked at different commercially significant places of the country to serve the customers, to save their time, consequently, to make them free from hassle. Target Segments for SME Financing: 1. Hospitals and Clinics 2. It related business 3.Agricultural and Agricultural Development items 4.Fishing and fishing business promotion 5.Transportation and Communication 6.Forestry and furniture 7.Construction business and housing development 8.Leather marketing and leather goods 9.Knitwear and ready made garments 10.Plastic and other synthetics 11.Entertainment 12.Photography 13.Hotel and tourism 14.Warehouse and container services 15.Printing and packaging 16.Gunning and Bailing 17.Pathological Laboratories 18.Cold Storage 19.Horticulture- Flower growing and Marketing 20.Food and oil processing plants 21.Higher education and expertise knowledge society 22.Telecommunication 3.22. Portfolio of SME Loan Sector Amount % of total disbursement Manufacturing 44,584,784 5.05% Service 57,562,928 6.52% Trading 780,719,288 88.43% Total disbursement 882,867,000 1000% From this above diagram we can say that, of SME loan mercantile bank give more preference in trading sector but they can finance over manufacturing and service sector to expand service and Manufacturing sector. Manufacturing sector is very important for a country to improve economic growth and as well as service generation and create employment. Chapter Three Result and Discussion: In this part, we will make a comparison of the SME activities of the three selected banks as shown below: Comparative analysis of SME loans of three different banks The banks for comparative analysis have been chosen in the basis of the following criterion: * Loan Size: BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile bank Limited 3lac – 30 lac 1 lac- 50 lac 2lac – 50 lac Among the banks, Mercantile bank offers the highest loan amount to customer where as BRAC Bank offers the lowest loan to its customer. * Rate of Interest: BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile bank Limited 15% 17% 15% In terms of interest rate, Mercantile bank and BRAC bank offer the lower rate of interest to its customers. The highest rate is charged by Dhaka bank limited. * Loan Processing Fee: BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile bank Limited 0.50% of the loan amount Free TK 500.00 The BRAC Bank limited only charges .50% as loan processing and Mercantile Bank charges TK. 500 for loan processing. * Period of loan: BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile bank Limited 1 year to 3 years 1 year to 3 years Upto 2-5 years Among the banks, the highest loan maturity date is offered by Mercantile bank Limited. * Mode of Finance: BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile bank Limited Only Term loan Term loan and working capital loan Only Term loan All the banks provide SME financing facilities but do not provide long term loan to its customers. Among the banks Dhaka bank provides both term loan and working capital loan to their customer. Other banks provide only term loan to its customers. Portfolio size of different banks in SME sector: name of Bank Portfolio Size BRAC Bank Limited 25.72 Dhaka Bank Limited 18.00 Mercantile Bank Limited 16.38 From the table we can see that BRAC bank has the highest investment in the SME sector. Overall Comparison of three banks Particulars BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile Bank Limited Loan size 3lac-30lac 1ac-50lac 2lac-50lac Rate of interest 15% p.a 17% p.a 15% p.a Loan processing fee .50% of the loan amount —— TK 500 Risk fund —– 1%-2% of loan amount 1%of loan amount Supervision fee —– 1%-2% of loan amount 1%of loan amount Utilization fee —– 1.5% quarterly —– Period of loan 1yr – 3 yr 1yr – 3 yr Upto 2-5 yrs Mode of finance Term loan Only term loan Term loan as well as working capital Security primary Personal guarantee Personal guarantee Personal guarantee secondary Upto 8 lac collateral free & above 8 lac collateral is mandatory Upto 5 lac collateral free(case to case above 5 lac and collateral mandatory ) Above 10.00 Lac Collateral security mandatory Table: Comparative analysis of SME loan of different bank: Comparative performance analysis of SME loan of different banks: Performance BRAC Bank Limited Dhaka Bank Limited Mercantile Bank Limited Year of operation 2009 2009 2009 Disbursement 950 crore 115.72 crore 127.70 crore Rate of recover 92% 87% 87% From the above analysis and findings of the study, it is obvious that there is a lot of market potential for Mercantile Bank Limited in SME loan. As we came to know from the analysis that BRAC bank is the most dominant player in the market and except BRAC bank other players are more or less similar category. But since the market yields a high growth potential and BRAC bank having basic infrastructure and a larger customer base it is very difficult for the other bank to cope with BRAC bank unless they build some alliances to develop such infrastructure to serve the client at better service. Initially, it will require a huge concentration, but the bank is financially sound to incur such amount of investment in new line of business. Other than the investment Mercantile Bank Limited should improve their credit facilities, customer service, and add attractive features to the product to attract every class of people. Chapter Four Recommendations: Considering the existing situation, the following suggestions are put forward for present and future sustainability of the Management Information Systems in the SME sectors of Bangladesh: * The modern computer technologies should be used appropriately to develop the Small & Medium Enterprises of the country * Information systems designers, whether internal to the company or part of an outside firm should assure the technical quality of the MIS system and the ease of the user interface. * System designers must oversee the process of system design and implementation, assess the impact of the new system on the organization, and develop ways to protect the system from abuse after it is installed. * Small business owners and managers must plan what type of MIS systems to implement and to ensure that the underlying data are accurate and useful. * Selection, acquisition and application of the appropriate technology should be ensured that would enable production of goods of competitive quality and competitive price, maintaining optimum productivity, while environmentally  not injurious. * People of our country should be provided with adequate education, training skill and technical knowledge of the field of MIS so that they are unable to implement it in the SME sector. * Better and improved MIS facilities must be provided in the SME sector * SME Loan sanctioning and disbursement procedure should be easy and flexible being considered the requirements of different classes of people. * Bottlenecks or barriers should be removed by taking advanced steps in mode of disbursement, charge documents and approval process. * Business Power for sanctioning loans and advances can be increased at branch level. * The use of MIS should be extended to the rural areas of our country. * The Government of the country should ensure the use and implementation of MIS technology in order to develop the SME sector * More SME service centers need to be added to fully take the advantage of the huge potential customer segments. Conclusion: In the conclusion, we can state that, SME is the most emerging sector to expand the scientific and technological capabilities of an organization. However such SMEs should be equipped with better computer facilities and implementation strategies like the MIS. The opportunities of using the appropriate Management Information Systems are not sufficient considering the small and medium enterprises of our country. Many small and medium enterprises are using this technology, but the scope  is very limited. It is thus very clear that MIS development should proceed hand in hand with micro enterprise development. It is interesting to observe that the conditions for small industry development that we find today, being at the threshold of total globalization, are very much the same as observed several-decades ago. In spite of the criticism and neglect of the SME sector on the grounds of inefficiency and non-optimal use of productive factors compared to larger industries, SMEs are beginning to be extolled for their greater dependence on labour-intensive production techniques, lower requirements of imported inputs and better geographical dispersion. So, proper initiatives should be taken in order to develop the flow of Management information system it the small and medium enterprises of our country. References: 1. Laudon, K., & Laudon, J. (2010). â€Å"Management Information Systems†- Managing the Digital Firm, 11th Edition. Prentice Hall/CourseSmart, 12/30/2008.) 2. Hossain, N. (1998), â€Å"Constraints to SME development in Bangladesh), Jobs project, USAID 3. Meagher, P (1998), â€Å"Secured Finance for SMEs in Bangladesh†, Jobs project, USAID 4. Ahmed, Z. U. (1999), â€Å"Problems of Access to Credit for Small and Medium Enterprises in Bangladesh†, Jobs project, USAID 5. Baldwin, J. and Picot, G. (1994), â€Å"Employment Generation by Small Producers in Canadian Manufacturing Sector†, Journal for Small Business Economics 6. CPD (2003), â€Å"Industrial Policy, Privatization and SME†, National Policy Review Forum, Centre for Policy Dialogue, Bangladesh 7. SEAF (2004), â€Å"The Development Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises: Lessons Learned from SEAF Investment†, Small Enterprise Assistance Fund, Washington. Websites: 1. http://www.answers.com/topic/management-information-system#ixzz1fXXQa1Ro 2. www.bssrcbd.org/†¦/BANGLADESH%20INSTITUTE%20OF%20MANAGEMEN. 3. www.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/otu/neelima-bangladesh.pdf 4. www.datasoft-bd.com/services_mis_solution.htm 5. wiki.answers.com/†¦/Separate_MIS_department_in_Bangladesh_and_their_activities 6. www.bangladeshstudent.com/showthread.php?p=3 – 7. www.eaward.org.bd/award/index.php?option†¦ 8. www.sa-dhan.net/Adls/†¦/MIS/MISIssueschallenges.pdf – 9. www.univdhaka.edu/†¦/facultymemberdetail.php?†¦fmmis91025†¦mis 10. www.cacci.org.tw/Journal/†¦/SMEs%20in%20Bangladesh.pdf 11. www.smef.org.bd/ 12. www.nextbillion.net/†¦/bangladesh-bank-report-finds-smes-can-curb-poverty 13. wiki.answers.com/†¦/Problems_of_SME_in_Bangladesh 14. www.loanbd.com/Sme.html 15. www.tmcnet.com/†¦/-bangladesh-sme-foundation†¦/4135674.htm 16. www.wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_barriers_of_implementing_MIS_inbangladesh 17. http://www.scribd.com/doc/53648930/BRAC-SME 18. http://www.scribd.com/doc/62738514/BRAC- Bank-Internee-Report 19. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16733174/Case-Study-on-SME-Banking 20. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16892284/Case-Study-on-SME-Banking-Dhaka-BANK

Killer applications in Government offices: Discussion

Over the last five years almost everybody has fallen victim of technology proliferation in government offices. It is common to find PCs, voice mail applications, answering machines, fax machines, and other related hardware on many desks. Technology is indeed reversing the way people do things. Whether the reversed and dynamic way is increasing individual productivity is a mystery that is often unnoticeable. Advent of enhanced technology in non-white collar jobs has truly led to high productivity. However, this is not true for white collar jobs.Basically, it appears that technology has not brought same goodies in office setting as it has in other fields. This may be partly due to absence of adequate measurement. It is not easy to ascertain productivity in non manufacturing jobs. On the other hand, it is the case that human beings are not good at realizing potential embedded in technology. In itself, technology is not capable of producing enhanced services. If one is working in an offi ce that has increased its access to computers and computer applications, it is vital that one understand why increased productivity does not follow automatically.A necessary and or desirable computer program that when applied increases productivity or sales of an already existing computer application can be referred as a killer application. Currently many governments have set up telecentres by embracing information and communication Technology (ICT) throughout the country. This is part of technology based e-center application to monitor service delivery in government offices. It provides public with affordable and meaningful information on service delivery. The e-center applications have increased the productivity of both public service providers and government officers.Being aware that somebody somewhere is monitoring and keeping record over internet of where, when, and how one delivers his or her service to entire public is challenging. This explains why the application has gone u nnoticed for many years. In conclusion, besides increasing productivity, e-center applications can enhance accountability and effectiveness in government operations and services, improve government service to businesses and industry, and more significantly, modernize and enable efficient service delivery to the public. References Harris, K. (2005) ICT for service delivery, e-center for Society & policy making, UNDP: Task Force.

Social Media Marketing As A Marketing Tool Essay - 2125 Words

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING Social media marketing (SMM) is a form of internet marketing that uses social networking websites as a marketing tool. The main goal of Social media marketing is to produce such content that users will share with there social network so that company can increase brand exposure and can broaden costumer reach Social media marketing became popular with increase popularity of social networking websites such as twitter, Facebook, Myspace , Linkledin, Google+ and pinterset ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING 1.Increased brand recognition – One of the main benefits of social media marketing is increased brand recognition because social networking websites are used by more than the two thirds of a country social media is a perfect channel to promote the brand to potential costumers. 75% of the people said that the product information found on social media influences there buying behavior. So the first advantage of social media marketing is Increased Brand Recognition 2.Legitimize a Brand – Another way in which social media marketing helps with costumer is by establishing a brand as legitimate. When Internet costumer discover a retailer or business the want to use it but does not know how to use it so customers take help from social networking websites. It should also be noted that poor social marketing can also lead to delegatimization. If a customer goes to social media page of a brand and he does not see any update in last few months then he will assumeShow MoreRelatedSocial Media As A Marketing Tool1602 Words   |  7 Pagesinstantaneously and with very little effort. Social media has come to play a huge part in the way that the world communicates with each other. In fact, a recent report shows that in a single month people spend over 25 hours on social networks (â€Å"The Digital Consumer†). With consumers committing that much time to social media sites, social networking has become an important aspect of everyday life for indi viduals—and businesses. Like most marketing activities, social media marketing poses some risk. However, it isRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Tool1373 Words   |  6 Pages Social Media as a Marketing Tool Recently, social media has become a global tool for social networking, data sharing and online accessing database. Due to its consistency features, social media has opened a wide place for businesses to implement their marketing strategy. Marketing which mostly occurs via social media is currently known as social media marketing. This strategy of marketing has made possible for companies to reach targeted consumers easily, efficiently and immediately. Besides itsRead MoreSocial Media Marketing : An Important Marketing Tool3427 Words   |  14 Pagesproposal targets to inspect the significance of social media marketing of IT products specifically in United Kingdom. 1.2 – Introduction: The key purpose of this research proposal is to assess importance of social media marketing significantly of IT products in emerging marketing activities within Unite Kingdom. According to Kim Ko. (2012) social media marketing is an important and effective method utilised by modern marketers which improves different social networking websites to attract potential consumersRead MoreSocial Media As A Marketing Tool2218 Words   |  9 PagesScholars, especially in sociology and psychology have noted with immense concern the massive increase in the usage of social networking media over the past several years. This is illustrated by the fact that within eight years, the subscription and usage of Facebook had grown to almost a billion people. WhatsApp, on the other hand, has stood out as the most popular messenger application globally. Some recent studies revealed that it has become more popular than Twitter with more than three hundredRead MoreEssay On Social Media Marketing Tools1072 W ords   |  5 Pages5 Social Media Marketing Tools Every App Owner Should Know About When app developers first built social media platforms, people saw it as a way of communicating and making new friends online. But gradually people began to use it for so many other purposes like marketing. Now marketers use it to reach out to their target audience because social media has a wider reach than any other outlet. App developers India experts are now developing more social media platforms, and this is changing the wayRead MoreSocial Media as an Effective Marketing Tool1235 Words   |  5 PagesSocial media can be used in very creative ways to market goods or services globally. Conducting business in other countries has been accelerated by various media platforms. Global marketing involves many challenges, and also involves a degree of corporate social responsibility. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, instant messaging, video conferencing, web meetings: These and many other collaboration and social media platforms are now an everyday part of people’s lives around the world. They are alsoRead MoreCase Study: Social Media As A Marketing Tool9803 Words   |  39 Pagesï » ¿Social Media: A tool Business Engagement TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Chapter 1: Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 1.1 A Brief History †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 7 2.1 Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2.2 - Social media †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.3 Facebook†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 2.4 - Twitter†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 2.5 - YouTube †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 2.6 - LinkedIn †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦25 2.7- Flickr†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Read MoreBest Free And Easy Tools For Social Media Marketing790 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 5: Best Free and Easy Tools for Social Media Marketing Is it true that you are hoping to reduce your social media marketing and SEO costs? Social networks are an extraordinary, financially savvy approach to get your image before fans and potential clients. SEO and social media marketing will permit you to share content with no expense! SEO and social media marketing offer progressed, yet moderate promoting stages you can use to focus on your customers with demographic, keywords and alsoRead MoreUse of Social Media Marketing Tools by Non-Profit Organizations3392 Words   |  14 Pages Social media marketing is a simple option to add to the current promotional tactics being used by an organization. It is no longer optional; social media is mandatory for nonprofit organizations (Stengel). Studies have shown that many people think social media techniques complement traditional media; even more believe that blogs and social media influence the news coverage in traditional media tactics (Wright and Hinson 2008). There are a number of professionals that believe embracing social mediaRead MoreThe American Legion s Product Development By Implementing Social Media As A Marketing Tool2169 Words   |  9 PagesI suggest that the American legion begins to use are to attempt product development by implementing social media as a marketing tool. By using social media as a huge part of the marketing this allows the American Legion to see exactly how many people are viewing their ads. It also gives them the chance to customize who they exactly want to target. This can allow for less â€Å"old school† marketing such as magazines, post cards, newspapers, or ads which all of these allowed the Legion to waste of lot

Physical Therapy Essays - 1422 Words

Physical Therapy Physical therapists are members of a health care team, specially trained to improve movement and flinction, relieve pain, and expand movement potential. Through evaluation and individualized treatment programs, physical therapists can both treat existing problems and provide preventive health care for people with a variety of needs (Physical Therapy-Improving 1). Physical therapists are very knowledgeable and skillful concerning the human body. Physical therapy is a complex, but rewarding field to pursue as a career. Specialization, working conditions, job outlook, salaries, and education requirements need to be taken into consideration when contemplating a career as a physical therapist. Physical therapists can†¦show more content†¦Physical therapists develop specific programs for each patients needs. They may apply therapeutic exercise, ultrasound, massage, and applications of heat and cold to alleviate pain and restore normal function to the body. The physical therapist is able to evaluate a patients joint motion, muscle strength, endurance, functional abflity, muscle tone, reflexes, and stability of walking. The physical therapist also assesses the need and use of braces and artificial limbs, function of the heart and lungs, integrity of sensation and perception, and performance of activities required in daily living. (A Future 18). Another important part of the job of a physical therapist is to maintain careful documentation. The documentation is mainly used to keep a record of rehab used, to reflect back on improvement, and to provide legal records. The working conditions for physical therapists are fairly attractive, mainly because of the wide range of choices. Physical therapists can choose the setting they want to work in. Though a large number of physical therapists work in hospitals, now more than 70 percent of them can be found in private physical therapy offices, community health centers, corporate or industrial health centers, sports facilities, research institutions, rehabilitation centers, nursing homes, home health agencies, schools, pediatric centers, colleges, and universities (A Future 9). Most physicalShow MoreRelatedPhysical Therapy : A Physical Therapist1194 Words   |  5 PagesOn the other hand, to just become a physical therapy assistant, all that is required is graduation from a physical therapist program and passing a national or state exam. When it comes to physical therapists’ salaries, it depends on a lot on of factors, like their job location, how much experience they have and their employer. â €Å"A Physical Therapist evaluates, diagnoses, and treats patients with disorders that limit their abilities to move or function normally in daily life. 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It isRead MorePhysical Therapy And Massage Therapy At Icon Medical Centers899 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuals with sports-related injuries as well as those who have been injured in an automobile accident frequently find relief through chiropractic care, physical therapy and massage therapy. At Icon Medical Centers in Miami, near Doral we offer these services, and more. Our Licensed Chiropractors Can Address Numerous Painful Issues, Naturally The licensed chiropractors at Icon Medical Centers near Doral can address misalignment issues related to the neck, back and extremities. In addition, ourRead MoreWhat Is Physical Therapy?1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Physical Therapy? Physical Therapy is the treatment a person needs to assist in problems with the body. Physical Therapy is a broad medical field that specializes in providing help to heal a person. Physical therapy is the type of treatment a person may need when there are injuries to the body, or when physical harm has occurred. When it is hard for a person to move around due to diseases to the body they should seek into physical therapy for their body. Physical therapy helps a person toRead MoreA Doctor Of Physical Therapy Essay2004 Words   |  9 Pages Physical Therapist â€Å"Yeah, it hurts whenever I twist my leg,† Barbara says, squelching up her face, as she turns over on her side. Holding Barbara’s left leg, Dr. Moore places both hands on the outer side and instructs Barbara to push as hard as she can, adding, â€Å"Don’t let me push in.† TMPG, where Dr. Chelsea Moore, a Doctor of Physical Therapy, works, is located on the first floor of a ten-story building in Newport News, Virginia. Barbara pushes so hard that it causes Dr. Moore to stumble backRead MoreMy Journey To Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy Is A Growing1089 Words   |  5 PagesJourney to Physical Therapy Physical Therapy is a growing profession in the healthcare field. There is a continuous flow of patients who need assistance with recovery and the motivation to finish the task. As with any healthcare profession, physical therapy can be very demanding. Therapists can successfully meet those demands by creating a positive environment, continuously learning and educating others. In addition to possessing these characteristics, my interest in physical therapy comes from myRead MorePhysical Treatment Of Physical Therapy966 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical therapy is defined as the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity by physical method. To me, physical therapy is more complex than just the physical treatment. Physical therapy means that someone is able to live more freely and independently without being bound by my physical ailments. Physical therapy can not only help someone live an active and healthy lifestyle, but it can also give someone back their freedom to continue to live the way they want to live their life. A team of physicalRead MorePhysical Therapy And Traditional Physical Therapists1710 Words   |  7 PagesPhysical therapy was invented in the 1920’s during the polio epidemic (â€Å"Physical,† 2014). Therefore allowing physical therapists are needed all over. They help people with their injuries and helps them cope with any pain they may have. Pediatric physical therapy and tradition physical therapy only differ in the age that they work with. Pediatric physical therapists work with children under the age of eighteen, while tradition physical therapists work with people over the age of eighteen. Some factors

Their Eyes Were Watching God Critical Lens - 1355 Words

Critical Lens Essay According to Bernadette Devlin, â€Å"To gain which is worth having, it may be necessary to lose everything else.† In simpler terms,if one wants to acheive something that means a lot to them, they might just have to lose everything else they have. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, this quote rings true. Hurston shows that by using symbolism and a bit of irony throughout the story. As a young woman, Janie wanted love, true love. In the beginning of the novel and Janie s journey, she is under a blossoming pear tree where she spends most of her days. She is watching the bees fly to the blossoms, when she has an epiphany. â€Å"So this was a marriage! She had been summoned to behold a revelation. Then†¦show more content†¦We been tuhgether round two years. If you kin see de light at daybreak, you don’t keer if you die at dusk. It’s so many people never seen de light at all. Ah wuz fumblin’ round and God opened de door (159).â €  This shows, Janie does not regret giving up her easy life in Eatonville to face obstacles and hardships with the one she truly loves. She also believes that Tea Cake was heaven sent. In fact, the hurricane symbolizes obstacle, so essentially it was a test it was a test on the strength of Janie and Tea Cake’s love. Unfortunately, they couldn’t stay in the house for long so they took to hiking to Palm Beach for safety. During their progression to Palm Beach, Tea Cake gets attacked by a vicious dog while trying to save Janie. They get to Palm Beach, but don’t stay long and end up going back the Everglades. When they get home Tea Cake becomes sick, and when they go to the doctor it turns out that Tea Cake has a serious case of rabies. The disease is making him delirious and irrational. He even tries to kill Janie, but Janie kills him first. â€Å"It was the meanest moment of eternity. A minute before she was just a scared human being fighting for its life. No w she was her sacrificing self with Tea Cakes head in her lap. She had wanted him to life so much and he was dead (184).† Here Janie has experienced her greatest loss. The one that given her that feeling of love, the oneShow MoreRelatedMy Faith And Science Concepts Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain what I believe and why; and ended with a solid factual framework that can be both understood and shared. The various topics and ideas presented by Dr. Tackett not only pricked my spirit but enriched my mind as well. His teachings sharpened my eyes and cleared my lenses so that I might see Christ in everything. Now, more than ever, I realize how important it is to be able to reference your beliefs with God’s word. I believe that faith is the foundation to everything I am and everything I am aRead MoreWhat Does The Bible Say About Entertainment?2159 Words   |  9 Pageswe realize it or not. Entertainment grabs our attention, whether it’s in the form of television , video games or social media. And human beings, being the suckers for wanting to be entertained, are easily drawn to whatever catches their eyes. Sometimes what our eyes see can be totally harmless, but other times what we intake can have really drastic effects to our souls and minds whether we realize it or not. Entertainment and the atrocity that it can have, is like a bed bug infestation taking overRead MoreSummary : Nfls Success2176 Words   |  9 Pagesvariety of assortments, depending on who is the target audience and who is the individual trying to be the leader. Authors and coaches may say that they know the precise answer to be best leader in the NFL. From researching books and articles to watching famous quotes in movies from famous celebrities can help players, coaches, and administration become motivated to being a fantastic leader. 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The Birth of Blues, Jazz, and Rock free essay sample

This was important to the slave who were accustomed to dancing and singing to the beat of African drumming which emphasized rhythm over harmony. Drums were outlawed by the plantation owners so slaves often substituted clapping or slapping their bodies to establish a rhythmic pulse. The black churches of the south used music to enhance their worship services. Even today, black church services traditionally extend many hours into the afternoon and sometimes resemble a community talent show with congregation members performing all sorts of energetic music.During WWW many southern A-Ass brought the blues to northern cities specially Chicago. The AAA population grew from 40,000 in 1 910 to 240,000 in 1930. Many left the plantations to flee from discrimination and to seek better paying jobs in the northern factories. From 1940-1950 220,000 southern African-Americans fled from the southern plantations to Chicago with nearly half coming from the Mississippi Delta region. Muddy Waters (McKinley Northfield) Singing in church l was a good Baptist and got all my moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church. First guitar at 13 Sold last family horse for $15 Gave grandmother half and order a Stella guitar from Sears and Roebuck for $2. 0 1943 moved to Chicago to make a start in the music business. Wanted to leave Had older blacks believing that they could not make it away from the plantations. 1944 Bought first electric guitar from Leo Fender. Muddy Waters Im Your Hooch Choice Man Stepparents I Just Want To Make Love To You Howling Wolf (Chester Burnett) Muddy Waters Rival at Chess records of Chicago Willie Dixon songwriter and talent scout. Wrote songs for Waters and Wolf. Lived on plantation in Mississippi.Decided to imitate the widening style of white singer Jimmy Rogers but never quite mastered the technique. Ended up sounding like someone howling and hence the name stuck. Howling Wolf Backdoor Man Killing Floor The Lemon Song Led Zeppelin Bob Diddled (Lass McDaniel) Moved to Chicago with family and started playing music in the streets at 15 Singed with Chess records in 1955 Distinctive vocal sound with fast quivering vibrato. Bob Diddled Im A Man Who Do You Love Sonny Boy Williamson (Rice Miller) Blues harpist took 1 962 hit Booker T and the MGM Green Onions Help Me Rock and Roll was African American euphemism for intercourse. Chuck Berry Brick house, tree lined street in middle-class SST. Louis. Family ivied a block from church and musical roots originated in the church service. Chuck Berry Roll Over Beethoven Rock and Roll Music Johnny B. Goode Back in the USA Decca vs.. Sun Signed Bill Haley and the Comets Shake Rattle and Roll Rock Around the Clock (appeared in 1955 movie Blackboard Jungle) See You Later Alligator Much more restrained style on stage as opposed to Elvis. In a jab at Elvis he said that a lot depends on the entertainer and how he controls the crowd.The music is stimulating enough without creating additional excitement. Its worth mentioning that Elvis was a young handsome hip swivel while Haley as a pudgy, balding and 32 years old. During the same time Decca discovered Charles Holly, a skinny teenager with thick horn rimmed glasses from Lubbock Texas. Buddy Holly was greatly influenced by country music especially bluegrass and western music pulling inspiration from artist such as Hank Snow and Hank Williams. By 16 Buddy had started to consider making a career in country western music.That changed in 1 955 when Elvis arrived in Lubbock for an performance at the Cotton Club. Holly and his friend Bob Montgomery drove Elvis around town and spent that evening with him at the concert Buddy was surprised hat Elvis was normal and said he was really a nice guy. The next day Holly and his group backed Elvis at the grand opening of a Pontiac dealership. After that weekend, Buddy started singing Elvis songs. His friends said his was on an Elvis kick and it started to shape the new rock and roll sound Of Buddy Holly.Buddys big clam to fame releases were: Peggy Sue Thatll be the Day party Doll In a moment of insanity Sam Phillips accepted a 35,000 offer from RCA Victor for the exclusive rights to Elvis contract and all of his recorded materials. Phillips said he need the money to get out of a real bind. He claimed not to e broke but said it was just a real struggle to get buy. By 1956 there were over 600 TV stations and 37 million televisions in American homes. Television was dominated by three networks, BBC, CBS, and NBC which incidentally was owned by RCA Victor. Sing television RCA started mass marketing Elvis. They started capitalizing Elvis good looks with appearances on variety shows such as the Tommy and Jimmy Dorset Stage Show This show came on right before the Honeymooners and competed with another variety show, the Perry Com Hour. Rascals scheduled appearances on The Milton Berne Show and The Steve Allen Show. By the end of that year, De Sullivan, who earlier had condemned Elvis as unfit for a family audience, agreed to pay the popular new star $50. 00 for three appearances on his show. At the time the De Sullivan was one of the two most popular programs in America. Sullivan feared protest from his usual viewers and ordered that Elvis be filmed from the waist up hiding the highly suggestive pelvic gyrations. This is one of the most legendary moments in television history with nearly 54 million viewers, nearly 83 percent of the television audience. Elvis hit the top of the charts during the following weeks tit music performed on the television performances.Charts such as: Love Me Tender Hound Dog Dont be Cruel All Shook LCP last two written by black artist Otis Blackwell who also wrote Great Balls of Fire for Jerry Lee Lewis. His promoter Colonel Thomas Parker turned Elvis into an unbelievable marketing success. REACTIONS TO LAVISHING Some adult quotes 47,48. 49. 50 (2) Colonel Parker responded by having Elvis perform on the Steve Allen show with tuxedo tails and white tie. No guitar, no movement, and a hound dog trained to simply sit and look droopy. The changed Elvis appealed even more and went on to boost record sales.By the end of his career his sold over 250 million records. In the history of recorded music only Being Crosby neared Elviss record with around 200 million. Oddly enough, Elvis started to receive all sorts of awards. QUOTE 50 (3) Dick Clark and the Teen Market 1959 left rock and roll without many of its main stars. Elvis was in the army (and not singing) Buddy Holly killed, Little Richard joined a fundamentalist religious sect and Chuck Berry was in jail. Two young entrepreneurs Dick Clark and Don Kirsches started promoting the Philadelphia sound through photogenic, well groomed Italian teen pop stars.Dick Clark Syracuse University advertising and radio American Band Stand Quote 56 Philadelphia Stars Fabian Frankie Valor Bobby Darwin Johnny Mathis Quotes on: 54 (4) Late 50 Little Richard turned to the church Jerry Lee Lewis gravitated toward country music Chuck Berry Was put in jail Buddy Holly killed in a plane crash Elvis Presley in the army Dick Clark Quotes 55 (5) FOLK MUSIC Dylan Songs of Protest Civil Rights Issues Youths in college wanted music different from the bubble gum Kirsches music. Singers like Pete Seeker and Woody Guthrie traveled the country side singing songs about real people .Woody Guthrie said after writing his song This Land is Your Land, I sing the songs of the people that do all of the little jobs and the mean and dirty work in the world and of their wants and their hopes and their plans for a decent life. Protest singers like Seeker and Guthrie fell in to disrepute when senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin pursued Communist sympathizers. He openly accused public figures of Communist tendencies creating a hysterical atmosphere throughout the nation. The senator criticized politically minded entertainers like Seeker and Guthrie who eventually became blackballed by he networks and recording industry.Most real folk singers like Dylan and Joan Bake focused on the message their music carried rather than the all mighty dollar. The folk band followed with groups like Loving Spoonful, mimicking the sounds of Dylan but these folk bands often concentrated on topics other than protest. Newsweek described it as healthy, cheap, moral folk music is whats happening at this moment in the dissonant echo chamber of pop music. THE BRITISH INVASION February 7 1 964 Kennedy Airport Outside on the covered rooftop. Incidences more teenage girls. Fought screaming girls from the airport to the hotel.Found three in the bathtub. Check in under their parents name. They were all four worried that they would not be accepted in America. De Sullivan witnessed the return of the Beetles to London and said this reminded of the same mass hysteria that characterized the Elvis Presley days. He contacted the manager Brian Epstein and booked the Beetles for three appearances on the De Sullivan show for under 20,000 dollars. 728 teens packed the studio 50,000 battled for tickets 73 million people/60% of the viewing audience. Not always clean cut. War ended with nothing to do but join gangs.Had trouble finishing high school and did not know what to do without the structure of the draft. Dave Clark of the Dave Clark 5 said that if the government had not stopped the draft, there would have been no Beetles. Moods and the Rockers, Beetles were Rockers, tight pants, pointed boots. Hair greased back riding motorcycles. Moods Modernist were nice clothes, short hair, danced and took pills. Liked to ride scooter. They would sometimes spend an entire weeks Of clothing on a single outfit. They were Englands lowest common denominators. Not only were they young, they were lower class young.Most Moods were lower-class scum with enough money to by himself Sunday best. Skiffs Mix of Dixieland jazz and country blues. Beetles emerged from this skiffs style. The Quarrymen, Johnny and the Moods, the Silver Beetles. Poor fame lies, Second coming of the beetles. Seattle Their hotel room was barricaded by barbed wire and sawhorses. The mayhem was so great after the performance that they had to cover the four musicians with blankets, place them on a stretcher and carry them through the crowd to a Red Cross ambulance. By the end Of 1 965 they had made more that 56 million in concert proceedsDuring 1 964 British rock bands sold more than 76 million dollars worth of records in the U. S. Several other groups followed suit and began making stabs at the American market. Gerry and the Pacemakers debuted on the E. S. Show in 1965. The Hollies proved to be a long lasting British band. The group was started by Graham Nash and singer-guitarist Allan Clark. They named their band after Buddy Holly and worshipped Buddys music. Herman s Hermits fronted by Peter None and later added musicians Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones who later performed in Led Zeppelin. Loons Dave Clark Five posed the biggest threat to the dominance of the Beetles. Within five days of their De Sullivan appearance they were household names and had five records on the charts at once. Inspired by Little Richard, fats Domino and Elvis. They like the beetles Hard days Night released a movie entitled Catch us If You Can Monkeys Two American producers created a prefab version of the Beetles Placed add in Hollywood trade papers for four insane boys age 17-21 for acting roles in new IV series.Interviewed nearly 450 applicants including folk rock singer Stephen Stills and mass murderer Charles Manson. They ended up with Robert Michael Enemies, Mackey Dolmen, Peter Thrones and David Jones. Don Kerosene now president of music at Columbia Pictures and Screen Gems TV Stiff and untalented. Song writers like Carol King, Neil Sedans and of the other Kirsches originals teamed up with Neil Diamond and wrote the songs for the monkeys. Carols King and Neil Diamond would also sing background with studio musicians such as Glen Campbell, Leon Russell, and James Burton. 00 million viewers once a week. 5000 letters per day 20 million worth of Monkeys junk. One of the members said, we are selling a product, the monkeys. Poster proclaiming the monkeys are coming. Preview records to 6000 disc jockeys. They even included several no-no-no choruses to substitute for the Beetles Time magazine commented, less than a year ago a Wiley team of promoters ran the Beetles through a Xerox machine and came up with the Monkeys STONES Recalled Keith Richards, I I get on this train one morning and theres Mice and under his arm he has four or five albums.Chuck Berry, Little Walter, Muddy Waters. Mutual passion for R B. Their first efforts was a small skiffs band with no drummer doing Waters, Berry R. Most of their earlier recordings were covers of Chicago R B artist like Chuck Berry, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Bob Diddled. Andrew Lolled became manager of the Stones in May of 1963. Created a raunchy, crude offensive image that contrasted sharply with the Beetles. While on a British television show Lolled cleaned up the group. Put them in suits.. You have to make some compromises sounding like Epstein did with the Beetles.He immediately changed his strategy and manufactured an opposite. Lied about their ages so they would have more appeal to teenagers. Two Quotes. 120 Dean Martin had them on a show and slammed them. First tour of U. S. Motorcade 600 in 15000 hall. Second tour. De was unbelievable Quote 121 122 The WHO They were designed after the Moods. Roger Dallier said if anything, when first discovered we were similar to the Stones. Birth of Mouton Berry Gorky was the father of Mouton Productions. Gorky was a man inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther King.His music empire reflected the progress of the civil rights movement. Based in Detroit, Gorky used techniques used found on the factory assembly lines. Having individuals who could do very specific jobs in training his new talent, they would literally walk in the building as one person and exit the other end in a transformed state. Mouton became the first African-American owned label that consistently and successfully groomed, packaged, marketed, and sold the music of African- American youths to the white American masses.Mouton use sophisticated arrangements and instrumentation. Gorky was a produced and songwriter. In 1 959 Gorky borrowed $800 from his family and rented an eight-room house in Detroit and founded the Mouton Record Company. Friends and colleagues discourage Gorky from attempts to record and distribute records. Suggested he just develop and record artist. In 1960 Gorky co-wrote and distributed Shop Around by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles which toped the charts and established Mouton as an important independent company.Continued to capitalize on the girl-craze. Matadors Primes Perimeters Marvels Four Aims Miracles Temptations Us primes Marionettes Four TOPS Stevenson Morris Steve Wonder Marionettes: Mr. . Postman Martha and the Vandals: Heat Wave Dancing in the Streets Mouton was a very strong backer of Martin Luther Kings total program. Gorky felt that their job in Detroit was to make blacks aware of their culture, of the problems and some of the ways out of the problems. 1964 Hired Maxine Powell who operated a finishing school. Powell claimed the singers were raw.

The Sound of Music Essay Example For Students

The Sound of Music Essay The Sound of Music film and its musical compositions are iconic and thus a necessity to watch for all those who have not been touched by this uplifting musical. The music is originally by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerings II and the numbers are sung by Julie Andrews and the rest of The Sound of Music cast. Instrumental underscore passages were adapted by Irwin Costal. Edelweiss, thought by some to be a traditional Austrian song or even the Austrian national anthem was written expressly for the musical by Rodgers ND Hammerings. Originally unknown in Austria, it has been promoted heavily there ever since, especially in Salisbury. The songs How Can Love Survive? , An Ordinary Couple, and No Way to Stop It were not used in the film version. The omission of those songs had to be approved through Richard Rodgers. We will write a custom essay on The Sound of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were four extra children singing with the ones onscreen to add more effect to their voices, including Darleen Carr, Chairman Cars younger sister. However, these were unaccredited. Darleen Carr sang Curts high voice, during the reprise and sad versions of the title Eng, as well as the high Bye in the song So Long, Farewell, and later for Greet in its reprise towards the end of the film. 2. Make-up, coiffure, and costumes In the make-up department, there is Margaret Donovan and Ray Forman as the hairstylists; Ben Nee and Willard Blue as the make-up artists. The costumes were designed by Dorothy Jenkins. The make-up department and the costume designer really changed the cast to their characters. 3. Acting and the stars Director Robert Wise and his casting consultants were widely recognized as having done a superb Job in assembling a cast that included so many unknown, but very talented names. After an extensive search and more than two hundred auditions, the children were chosen, not Just for their acting and singing skills, but also for their personality and presence. Many of The Sound of Music actors and actresses formed a strong bond with each other, a camaraderie that still lasts today. Julie Andrews was Hollywood most promising up-and-coming musical star when she was chosen to play