Focus On Learner Pronunciation Problems Essay

In Portuguese, R toward the start of words, toward the finish of words, or before a consonant is articulated like H. Numerous Brazilian understudies convey this propensity into English words, articulating â€Å"restaurant† as â€Å"hestaurant† and â€Å"far† as â€Å"fah.† It’s particularly normal when the English word and the Portuguese word are comparable, for example, in â€Å"restaurant† and â€Å"regular.† SOLUTION: First, I have my understudies take a shot at articulating the English R sound without anyone else. I exhibit the right mouth position and they copy me. At that point, we take a shot at each word while misrepresenting the R sound †so we state rrrrememberrrr, for instance. At long last, we work on making that overstated R sound shorter and shorter until the understudy becomes acclimated to stating recall with an English R. It feels somewhat crazy, however it works! Issue: Similar words Luckily, Portuguese and English have a great deal of genuine cognates †words that are comparative in the two dialects, for example, region, creature, culture, well known, music, sentimental, cheeseburger, and sports. This makes it simpler to recall the jargon †yet progressively hard to make sure to articulate the words â€Å"the English way.† SOLUTION: To show the distinction in the sounds, I make correlations with words that they definitely know and articulate well in English †â€Å"The ‘a’ in creature resembles the ‘a’ in and,† for instance. I additionally cause to notice syllable pressure †well known in English versus famous in Portuguese. Issue: Final consonants Portuguese doesn’t have letters like D, T, G, P, and K toward the finish of words, so it’s regular for Brazilian understudies to inadvertently include a little vowel sound toward the finish of English words †so huge seems like bigg-ee and stop becomes stopp-ee. One of the most celebrated is troublesome transforming into trouble †which is likewise an English word, yet the main is a descriptor and the second is a thing. Arrangement: I start with words finishing off with P on the grounds that they’re the most straightforward to rehearse †we work on saying â€Å"stop,† â€Å"help,† and others, and I advise them to keep their lips together for a second toward the end, at that point â€Å"release† them without making an additional sound. At that point we proceed onward to â€Å"rock,† â€Å"get,† â€Å"thing,† â€Å"good,†, etc, once more, â€Å"holding† the last consonant for a second before  "releasing† it soundlessly.

Lewis Carroll :: essays research papers

	Of all of Lewis Carroll’s works, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland has a one of a kind remaining in the class of unusual, drivel writing. Much has been expounded on how this novel appears differently in relation to the tremendous measure of exacting, very moralistic children’s writing of the Victorian time Lewis Carroll lived in. However, as odd as this novel shows up corresponding to the next Victorian children’s stories, this short novel is odder in light of the fact that it was composed by an amazingly upstanding, ultra moderate man; a Victorian man of his word. Despite the fact that the novel appears to stand out from the hour of Lewis Carroll, numerous encounters of Lewis Carroll and his extraordinary character have an incredible impact in the production of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. 	Lewis Carroll, the nom de plume Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was conceived on January 27, 1832, in Daresbury England. He was the most established kid in a group of eleven offspring of Reverend Charles Dodgson and his significant other, Francis Jane Lutwidge. The adolescence of Lewis Carroll was moderately wonderful, brimming with thoughts and diversions that added to his future inventive works. Carroll’s life at Daresbury was fairly isolated, and his companions were for the most part his siblings and sisters (Green 18). Interfacing with for the most part his sisters, he was the "master of their functions, designer of games, entertainer, puppet theater chief, and editorial manager of family journals" (DLB v. 163 45). A lot of Carroll’s youth was spent dealing with his younger siblings, and his creative mind was continually being practiced so as to engage them (Green 18). A youth inconvenience that Carroll had and persevered for an incredible duratio n was stammering harshly. It is proposed that his stammer may have emerged from his parent’s endeavors to address his left-handedness. This endeavor right off the bat in his life may have made Carroll think he was not typical, thusly harming his self-assurance (Kelly 13-14). At the point when Carroll addressed grown-ups, his discourse turned out to be very hard to comprehend. Clearly, he froze; his modesty and stammering consistently appeared to be more awful when he was in a universe of grown-ups (Leach 2). Incompletely because of his stammering, he felt entirely agreeable around youngsters and he had the option to effectively frame cozy connections among them. While talking with more youthful kids, Carroll’s stammering had mysteriously vanished. He "simply got one of them-whether they acknowledged him-and most did" (Pudney 20). As a youngster, Carroll had an attachment to creating games and language puzzles (14). 	Lewis Carroll "divided himself into two names, Lewis Carroll and Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson" (DLB v.

How to Stop Stress Fast When You Have Social Anxiety

How to Stop Stress Fast When You Have Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Getting Stress in Control When You Have Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 09, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Practice healhier responses to feelings of social anxiety. Getty / Thomas Northcutt If you have social anxiety disorder (SAD), you probably tend to think too much, let your emotions rule your thoughts, and have difficulty managing stress at the moment. Use these tips to cope when your mind is your worst enemy. Stop Over-Thinking Over-thinking, also known as rumination, refers to those repetitive thoughts that keep playing in your head, such as Everyone thinks I am an idiot, or People must see how anxious I am. Use the tips below to help manage this type of thinking. Write it down: Keep a journal to keep track of when, where, why, and how you ruminate. This means writing down and keeping a record of any time you have negative thoughts or self-talk about the present, past, or future. Keeping track will help you identify patterns, such as being a late-night worrier, which is the first step to getting thoughts under control.Watch for triggers: Your ruminative thoughts are almost certainly triggered by cues in your environment, whether that means slipping into worrisome thoughts once you go to bed or first thing in the morning as you start contemplating your day. Instead, try changing things up in ways that break those associations. For example, read an engaging book before bed or plan to get up as soon as your alarm goes off. This will help to break the worry habit you have developedDevelop new habits: Develop tools that you can draw on when socially anxious thoughts start. These might include going for a walk, watching a favorite television show, p racticing meditation, or using aromatherapy to relax. Do these things consistently over a period of a month, and they will soon become your new, healthier responses to feelings of social anxiety.See a professional: Sometimes rumination is so severe that it requires the help of a professional to get it under control. If youve tried many of the strategies outlined above without success, it may be that you need the help of a therapist or counselor to put things in perspective and develop action plans to get at the root cause of your social anxiety. It may even be that the use of medication could be helpful with ruminations that dont improve with other approaches. Control Emotions A 2015 review study confirmed that individuals with SAD live with a wide range of emotion regulation deficits. This means that you probably tend to have runaway emotions, in addition to runaway thoughts. Feelings of anxiety tend to feed on themselves, leaving you feeling even more anxious. Feelings of anxiety tend to feed on themselves, leaving you feeling even more anxious. Below are some tips to get those cycles of emotions under control. Identify what you are feeling: You cant fix the way you are feeling if you dont know what you feel! Think about the last time you had severe anxiety in a social or performance situation. What triggers were present? What feelings did you have? How did you feel about those emotions?  For example, you might have had a panic attack right before a presentation at work, and those feelings of panic made you feel even more anxious and incompetent at your job. Dont judge those feelings or you risk making them worse. Rather, own them and pay attention to them.Distract yourself: Sometimes you just need to calm down. In those situations, its best to redirect your attention. Try moving your attention to other things. If a work presentation later in the day is eating away at you, try doing something that requires mental engagement, such as tackling a difficult projectâ€"that is totally unrelated. Moving your focus away from the trigger of your anxious feelings will help to get your negative emotio ns under control.Reappraise the situation: If you find yourself in a less intense situation in which you have time to work with your thoughts, try employing the tactic of reappraisal. This method involves thinking about situations in new ways that help to reduce your negative emotions. For example, if you stumbled through your work presentation, instead of feeling incompetent, congratulate yourself for simply having the courage to get it done despite your fears. Doing so will help to manage your negative emotions.Stop and slow down: When you do have extreme feelings of social anxiety, dont react. Instead, try doing some relaxation exercises, write in your journal (as described above), or practice meditation. Engaging in these adaptive behaviors will break the cycle between anxious thoughts and runaway emotions. Just like reading a book right before bed or jumping up with the alarm clock, having new positive activities to respond in healthier ways to old triggers will get you on the right path to managing anxious feelings. De-Stress Sometimes you just need a way to de-stress quickly when you find yourself in a challenging social or performance situations. Below are tips to stop stress in its tracks when you find yourself in a panic. Have a chat: But I cant! What about my social anxiety? These types of thoughts might run through your head as you think about reaching out to a friend or family member to cope with your stress. Dont let that stand in your way. Think of the person who makes you feel the least anxious and choose the easiest method of communication (think text, chat, or social media). Ideally, that person should have an upbeat attitude, the ability to laugh at lifes problems, and a good dose of empathy. Choose someone who will be able to understand the stress you are going throughâ€"a fellow member from a social anxiety support group would be a great choice! If you cant find anyone at the moment, try sending off an email just to vent your feelings and alleviate tension you are feeling.Use relaxation strategies: You know them allâ€"deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imageryâ€"whatever you choose, just do it! If youve never actually tried any relaxation strategies, now is the time.Step back: You dont have to focus on your social anxiety! Give yourself permission to take a 20-minute time out to get perspective on what you are feeling. Go for a walk, dont fight your feelings, but rather accept them for what they are but dont focus on them. Tell yourself, Yes I am feeling anxious, but it will pass. Taking time out may help you reframe the situation as less threatening.Focus your senses outward: When social anxiety takes hold, you may find yourself focusing inward. Instead, shift your focus outward to your senses. Listen to music, inhale a lovely scent, or savor some good food. Touch and sight can also be engaged by stroking a pet or taking in beautiful artwork. Bring your awareness to the present to help detach yourself from your stress. A Word From Verywell It is easy to slip into overthinking when you live with an anxiety disorder. Being proactive about your stress is the best strategy to combat this type of negative spiral. Make a commitment each day to taking small steps to improve your mind and mood, and you will notice a difference over the long term.

Customer Relationship Management ( Crm ) - 857 Words

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) The most important aspect of any company that is involved in medium to big projects, is the company’s relationship with its clients. It is so important that companies like BNSF Railways, which was awarded Customer Relationship Management Excellence Awards in 2006 by Gartner Inc. (Schwalbe, K., pp 56, 2010), boosted its sales by simply investing more in customer relationship management. To reinforce the importance of CRM, studies conducted by HUFS College of Business, Korea, suggests that implementation of a good CRM positively impacts the customer satisfaction (Adalikwu, C., pp 6684, 2012). The main reason why CRM is crucial is because more than knowing when the project is completed, a customer always expects to get the real time update. Besides that if there are any issues the customer raises, CRM helps determine how severe it is to solve it depending on the priority. CRM s have an added benefit of connecting all the departments of the c ompany, because only then the project s progress can be projected to update the customer (Piccoli, 2012). The best CRM tool in the market for small to medium size business is Salesforce.com (Angeles, S., 2015). The advantages of using salesforce.com are: 1. Relatively easy to learn. 2. Convenient to use. 3. Highly customizable to the company s needs. 4. Well designed dashboard that prioritize issues according to its seriousness. Apart from all these advantages, the biggest advantage of usingShow MoreRelatedCustomer Relationship Management (CRM)845 Words   |  3 PagesRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. It is an approach used to learn more about customers needs and manners in order to develop stronger relationships with them. Good customer relationships are at the core of business achievement. There are many technological mechanisms to CRM, but thinking about CRM in mainly technological terms is a mistake. The more useful way to think about CRM is as a calculated process that will help you better understand your customers’ needs and how you can meetRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay831 Words   |  4 Pages CRM: Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Firm Profitability Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a tool that helps track, manage and supply information about customer’s interactions with an organization to help contribute to customer satisfaction that leads to customer loyalty. Additionally, CRM programs provide tools and applications designed to target their efforts on the most profitable customers, target new potential customers, and generate sales and maintain relationshipsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1510 Words   |  7 Pages1) Introduction: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key business strategy that optimizes customer experience and increases service or product value. CRM represents a function that relates customer satisfaction, customer behaviour, customer value and profit of an organization. The main goal of integrating CRM software is to improve the sales functionality, such as providing real time customer data history to the sales departments. Other benefits of CRM software include impro ved targeted marketingRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1583 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 2 : CRM study 2.1 Defining CRM Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach that company’s use to manage, analyze and interact with customers. It refers to the practices, strategies and the technologies used by companies to understand the customer’s needs and behavior in order to create and build relationships with customers and to follow them throughout the customer lifecycle with a focus on increasing retaining customers with driving the sales growth. The idea of a CRM system isRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) may be methodology} that supports degree organization’s decision-making method to retain long-term and profitable relationships with its customers. Some define CRM as simply a business strategy whereas others define it as a data-driven approach to assess customers’ current desires and gain The common variations of CRM include: operational CRM (O-CRM); analytical CRM (A-CRM); collaborative CRM (C-CRM); e-Commerce CRM (e-CRM); and mobile CRM (m-CRM) OperationalRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm ) Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesare target markets, customer relationship management (CRM), technology and breakthrough opportunities, building relationships with customers, and most importantly, customer lifetime value. Target markets are part of a marketing strategy. It is a â€Å"fairly homogenous group† of customers who a company wants to appeal to (pg 33). To determine their target markets, companies look at age, location, gender and etc. For example, a firm that sells winter apparel will target customers who live in cold regionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is significant in the service marketing these days, customers are the major element that relates to the company growth and profits. Understanding the customer purchase behavior and relationship is a key of success that commonly indicates the B2B B2C relationship management. CRM system provides the customer information that shows what customer wants and needs, and help sales person to increase the customer relationship with the organizationRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )3159 Words   |  13 PagesCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a strategy for operating all your enterprise’s relationships and interactions with your clients and future clients (What is CRM.) The CRM industry has been molded by monolithic trends over its lifetime. Back in the late 90s, intranets, extranets and the internet altered CRM into more collaborative approaches. The move to cloud has transformed CRM and the relative merchant success. It has definitely encouraged several more users to implement CRM solutionsRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )1223 Words   |  5 PagesCustomer relationship management (CRM) is an essential part of every modern business. At the beginning of 21st century, the customer power dramatically increased due to Internet and technology development. The objectives of CRM are to build profitable and long-term relationships with customers. CRM is a complete system that provides a 360-degree view of the customer. It is also a method that tends to capture the experience of the consumers, and gain their trust to remain loyal customers. It is alsoRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management ( Crm )869 Words   |  4 Pageswhat the custome r wants from them. Many companies have come to realize that customers and the service they receive are very important in expanding their brand. Because of that recognition, most businesses of the twenty-first century have developed customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives to better relate to their customer bases. What does customer relationship management (CRM) mean? Kurtz defines CRM as a set of strategies and tools that companies use to learn about customers (Kurtz, 2015

Essay on Ancient Egyptian economic surplus - 1017 Words

Effects of Economic Surplus: Egypt Ancient Egypt is such an interesting and amazing society to study due to the various factors that allowed the city and population to thrive. The culture, quite different to other cultures around the world in ancient times, developed quite unique traditions, technologies and ideas. Small features of this society including aligning the 4 corners of the pyramids and being able to divide the year into 365 days makes it truly fascinating, The main reason that this society was able to thrive and be successful can be attributed to the great Nile River. Due to this people were able to settle which lead to the creation of a surplus, which could be sustained for around 2000 years. How is the Surplus Created†¦show more content†¦The Old Kingdom from Ancient Egypt was considered to be the most successful part of their history. The economic surplus was great and the Pharaoh was ruling all of Egypt successfully. This allowed the civilization to thrive and led to the construction of the great pyramids. However the people of ancient Egypt had the biggest roles in controlling the economic surplus as they grew crops and constructed buildings for the population to grow and flourish. Who Protects the Surplus? As well as controlling the surplus, the Pharaoh had the head duties of protecting it. The ancient Egyptians used many unique factors to help protect their civilization. Soldiers were used, much like in other ancient civilizations, to protect the Nile River, expand their land settlement area and support the rule of the Pharaoh. During the New Kingdom, Egyptian armies became a powerhouse and very active allowing for expansion. Ancient Egypt could be protected quite well due to environmental factors including the river and desert. The river being surround by 1000’s of miles of desert made it easier to predict where attacks may come from. The Nile itself was also be able to used thanks to its slow moving nature. This provided a great highway that promoted economic and political stability and uniformity (Lockard, 2011). How are those within the civilization who do not control or protect the surplus affected by it? The people within the ancientShow MoreRelatedThe Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to800 Words   |  4 PagesThe Egyptians were experts at trading, importing and exporting goods with various countries. Due to its geographical location, Ancient Egypt was able to obtain great success through trading and commerce. The Nile River provided many inlets into the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, these passages allowed for greater opportunities for trading and communication with neighboring countries. The use of vessels proved to be a great resource in securing the Egyptian economy with its vast amount of richesRead MoreTaking a Look at Ancient Egypt1181 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent setups cultural and political aspects when civilization was emerging. The Egyptian civilization was the earliest and it was one of the catalysts in the development of civilization in other parts of Africa. The civilization began around 3000 BC. Its civilization is known to be one of the longest serving civilizations in the world’s history. Egypt is located in the Nile valley of northeast Africa. The life of Ancient Egypt was centered on the river Nile and the fertile land around it for the purposeRead More Mycenaean Civilization Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesMycenaean Civilization The Mycenaean civilization flourished for four hundred years in the late Bronze Age before collapsing in to small bands of subsistence farmers. Some historians attribute this decline to ‘the Sea People’ who terrorized the Egyptians, Anatolians and the Hittites. But could a mysterious people who left no archeological proof of their existence really bring about the collapse of entire civilizations? Mycenaean civilization is characterized by the large palace-like buildingsRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt and China Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesThe civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China were all different but were also developed similar ways of doing things. The political, economic and intellectual outlooks of these ancient peoples say a lot about their ways of life. The religious views of Egypt and Mesopotamia were rather different. II. Politics The political thinking of these ancient civilizations definitely had their differences and also their similarities. A. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was divided into city-statesRead MoreReligion, Culture And Politics Of Ancient Egypt Civilizations Essay879 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough the lens of ecology can teach one about the divergence of religion, culture and politics of ancient society. There were many great civilizations that sprang up and progressed through the ages. One of this civilization was the ancient Egyptian. The Egyptian civilizations settled on the bank of Nile river which influenced the settlers to advance in the social aspect of their lives. In ancient Egypt, ecology played in important role in the development of their religious beliefs, culture, andRead MoreThe Significance of Agriculture in Early Human Civilization1500 Words   |  6 Pageseverything from powerful governments to the day-to-day life of citizens the world over. This paper will discuss the importance of the development of agriculture among early humans with specific regard to the rise of Mesopotamian city-states and the ancient Egyptian nation state. These two early societies provide poignant examples of the profound influence of agriculture. In their respective eras, they were the most important and powerful cultures in the world; this is as a direct result of their abilityRead MoreThe Ways Of The Nile River1355 Words   |  6 Pages Egypt was developed. Without the Nile River, Egypt would be nothing but a desert since it receives such little rainfall. The Nile River has provided Egypt with fertile land which had allowed it to become one of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. Egypt relied heavily on agriculture for its power and wealth. Egypt was able to take advantage of the rising and falling of the Nile River’s water levels also known as inundation and relinquishment. During inundation, which would take placeRead M orehis112 r3 Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix1457 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Ancient Civilizations and the Greek World Matrix Complete the matrix by entering cultural, political, and economic developments that had lasting effects or that are significant of each civilization. The table includes one example. Civilization Cultural Developments Political Developments Economic Developments Mesopotamian Developed the beginnings of astronomy and mathematics Believed in many gods not just one. Emergence of Kings, exercised distinct political ratherRead MoreEgyptian Leadership Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesWithout a leader, a state does not grow and flourish as quickly or efficiently as states with leaders. Early Egyptian leaders allowed Egypt to become a notable state through their communication, ideas, innovation, and will. Showing how Egyptians rulers made a presence in the predynastic period, how they developed to be leaders, and how they impacted a state are important when considering Egyptian state formation. In early Egypt around 4000 B.C. rulers were not evident within the area. In this area thereRead MoreCauses Of Minoan Civilization993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Civilization is an important part of people’s live. It develops when the environment of a region can support a large and productive population. Civilization is a social, economic, and political entity distinguished by the ability to express itself through images and written language (H.Sayre, 2011, P.1). Minoan civilization is the first advanced civilization of the prehistoric Aegean region that was developed on a small island of Crete, where Sir Arthur Evans an English archaeologist

Structural Family Therapy Free Essays

string(310) " Family Therapy that resonates with me is that one of the prime goals of this model is to identify the primary focus of intervention \(the family\) and reflect an understanding that positive and negative behaviors both influence and are influenced by the relationships each family member has with one another\." Structural Family Therapy (SFT) has a few interventions within the theoretical model that I could see myself using with clients (families) from diverse backgrounds with diverse presenting problems. I am in agreement with the way this model looks at the different types of families and the types of issues they present with such as the patterns common to troubled families; some being â€Å"enmeshed,† chaotic and tightly interconnected, while others are â€Å"disengaged,† isolated and seemingly unrelated. This model also helped me understand that families are structured in â€Å"subsystems† with â€Å"boundaries,† their members not seeing these complexities and problems that are going on between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Family Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compared to the four family and couple therapy models in this paper, I think this model fits the most with Adlerian assumptions for the following reasons. This model understands and speaks to the complexities in the family system, the roles that each member takes on how they relate to each other, of power, and hierarchy, thus treating the family system holistically. This is also similar to the emphasis on democratic parenting skills that Adler focused on, with the aim to help families understand that relationships based on power and hierarchy are not effective in the long run. A few other similarities between SFT and Adlerian interventions are the use of reenactment, metaphors, and focusing on the family’s strengths to work toward a common goal of a changing the existing structure of the family to a healthier one. Role of the Therapist: When using this model, I would be comfortable as the therapist as my goal would be to join the system using myself to transform it. In that role, I would be active and directive, determining the structure of the therapy and facilitating the process. This model may work better with families from diverse background because from personal experience and understanding, it may be easier for Asians to let the therapist take on the facilitator role, structuring and directing because most Eastern cultures and families are run that way. I like the aspect of this model where the therapist seeks to change the maladaptive patterns by choreographing family interactions in session in order to create the opportunity for new, more functional interactions to emerge, using the major techniques of joining (engaging and entering the family system), diagnosing (identifying maladaptive interactions and family strengths), and restructuring (transforming maladaptive interactions). By learning how to use this model well, I could learn to assess and facilitate healthy family interactions based on cultural norms of the family being helped when using this theoretical model in practice. Interventions: Most of Minuchin’s interventions under this model resonated with me, however it seems as if this model (and Minuchin himself) tends to be quite directive, I will have to keep in mind that for some families this may not be the best approach to take because they may find it offensive and crossing their (the family’s) boundaries. I also think that with the use of common sense and after building an alliance with the family, the direct approach can be a healthy no-nonsense way of helping the clients see the problem, and facilitating change may not be a process that gets dragged on for months. I think practicing the intervention of joining could benefit me as a therapist because I as the therapist would support specific behaviors or verbalizations to increase the strength and independence of every member of the family, subsystems, and alliances. I could do this by adjusting to the communication style and perceptions of the family members to â€Å"join† the system, making the goal to establish an effective therapeutic relationship with the family. I can also resonate with using restructuring where I would be able to utilize therapeutic interventions that bring about change through modification in the family structure. Functional Family Therapy Theory: Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is a theoretical model that fits with me for the following reasons. FFT’s three intervention phases- engagement and motivation, behavior change, and generalization- are straight forward techniques for the therapist to follow and interventions that are interdependent. I like the systematic approach to understanding families in this model, and that it can be used as a prevention and intervention model when dealing with family systems. I think this model is quite similar ith Adlerian assumptions because the use of techniques such as engagement and motivation establishes a family-focused perception of the presenting problem that serves to increase the family members hope and expectation of change, decrease resistance, improve alliance with one another and create greater trust between family and therapist, reduce negativity within family, and assist in building respect for individual differences and values. Clinician s provide concrete behavioral intervention to guide and model specific behavior changes such as parenting, communication, and conflict management. Role of the Therapist: As a future therapist whose goal is to practice with diverse populations, I would be comfortable using functional therapy because of the flexible integration of clinical theory as part of the model’s design which offers an opportunity to meet families where they are most comfortable, understand and encourage their natural social networks and to provide culturally and linguistically responsive services as truly part of the treatment process. I think this model has flexibility and extends to all family members and thereby results in effective moment-by-moment decisions in the intervention setting, thus being systemic and individualized. In my personal opinion and experience, I find that the field of psychology is lacking in diverse cultural competencies as much as the society is diverse in its population. I believe that as with using any theoretical model, the therapists’ cultural knowledge needs to include understanding of the many cultural considerations influencing the effectiveness of treatment when dealing with clients from diverse backgrounds. When servicing the individuals in the family, care and attention needs to be directed towards family and community norms and values around help seeking, secrecy and confidentiality, family roles, child rearing and spiritual practices. Interventions: One of the main interventions of Functional Family Therapy that resonates with me is that one of the prime goals of this model is to identify the primary focus of intervention (the family) and reflect an understanding that positive and negative behaviors both influence and are influenced by the relationships each family member has with one another. You read "Structural Family Therapy" in category "Family" Therefore, making functional therapy a multi systemic program, meaning that it focuses on the multiple domains and systems within which families live and interact with one another. Within this context, FFT works first to develop family members’ inner strengths and sense of being able to improve their situations by using skill building techniques. These characteristics provide the family with a platform for change and future functioning that extends beyond the direct support of the therapist and other social systems. As hopeful as it may sound, when using this theoretical model, I as the therapist could lead the family to greater self sufficiency that work for them as a team, and not against each other. Solution-Focused Therapy Theory: The way the Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT) theoretical model fits me is that it focuses on exceptions to the family’s problem, working towards a change in behavior which can naturally develop through this process. I think this model is similar to the Adlerian assumptions where it is future oriented and personally, I think it is quite an insight-oriented model, not getting too deep into one particular family member’s â€Å"pathology,† but rather focusing on what the system can do to adapt to it, and allows the family decide if that â€Å"pathology† is a problem or not. Like the Adlerian model, SFT looks at the family system holistically, taking every member into account yet working as a whole towards a common goal of having a healthier relationship with one another. I think this is an essential aspect in family therapy because he therapist is not only dealing with one individual, but a few, with different personality types and world views. Role of the Therapist: The aspects of this theory that I like is that it differs from some traditional therapy models and does not focus on the cause of the family’s problems nor dictated the way the family is supposed to work, but focuses more on a better approach that moves the family focus off of what is wrong and onto what is right, stresses the resources and skills clients already have and bring into therapy, and helps the family members take on the role of the experts (which they hold anyway) and take responsibility for setting their own goals and reaching them. Putting this into practice, I would see the family not become stuck in a passive and helpless role as a family unit, locked into a problem narrative they rehearse over and over again, but more active participants in the therapeutic process. From the South-East Asian perspective, this model could be effective working with multi-cultural families because the therapists maintain a future more directed focus, with language like â€Å"as things get better†¦ † â€Å"lets work on positive reinforcement with the kids this week†¦ â€Å". From my personal experiences and observations, because the idea of therapy is still a very new, almost unpopular concept, it is difficult for South East Asians to do too much ‘processing’ of a negative situation, and would rather prefer to focus on the positive, which in turn may give them insight into the negative, leading to a positive change. Interventions: The intervention that resonated with me in this model is that solution building is the goal, and as the family changes the language that shapes how they think about the problem, they change the language that shapes how they think about the solution. This model does not put too much emphasis on what is missing and that which causes woe for the family, but what is positive and present and that which can lead to a healthier relationship amongst the family members. From my viewpoint, there are quite a few similarities between SFT and the interventions used in the Adlerian model that resonate with me personally and I will use as part of my interventions in the future. For example, asking each member the ‘miracle question’ such as â€Å"if one night you were sleeping and a miracle happened and fixed this (the presenting problem) problem, what would that look like? As it is the goal from the Adlerian perspective, the key with this question from the SFT perspective is not to immediately â€Å"find the cure†, but rather to refocus their attention on the elements they need to construct a new and positive story of how their life is going to be. I also like the intervention in this theory that rather than summing up wha t the therapist thinks the client is saying, the therapist asks questions to focus and direct the client’s thinking and view; which in turn gives the other family members a chance to listen and understand where the family member is coming from as well. The solution may not even look like it will fit or resolve the problem, however a small enough change will nudge the system in a different direction and that may be all that is needed for the family to move towards a positive change. Integrative Behavioral Therapy Theory: Integrative Behavioral Therapy (IBT) is a newer model based on traditional models of behavioral couples therapy. In this particular model, one of the goals of therapy is to help the couple understand that some problems can be resolved by compromise, but realistically some likely can not. Also, the aim for this model is to help the couple see that it is not the incompatibilities, but the rigid, negative, and excessive emotional responses that can develop from these unresolved issues that creates the problems and misunderstandings between them. I do believe the models of this theory because it is helping the couple realize that talking about how they feel and think about problems sometimes is necessary before they go on to accept them. Also, I like the approach of the theory that most partners can learn ways to alter the negative emotional responses they have to problems, responses that make them, as well as their partners, unhappy. However, on the other hand, this theory tends to have an optimistic approach that most partners can learn new ways to resolve relational problems, but realistically human behavior is not as easy to change as this theory predicts it can. Role of the Therapist: I can see myself using parts of this theoretical model for the following reasons. I think this model has somewhat of a no-nonsense approach and suggests that simply talking about how one feels and thinks about a problem is not very helpful; rather, teaching the couple to do something about it is what can really help them. However, for the partners to learn ways to break bad patterns of behavior that cause problems in their relationship, as this model suggests, is easier said than done in some relationships. As this model suggests, most partners can learn new ways to compromise and resolve problems, making each other happier, it is a concept that may be quite challenging for couples to put into practice outside of the therapeutic setting, where they have the therapist to play the role of the coach in their relationship. Therefore, as much as I love the idea of a couple not only talking the talk, but walking the walk, this may be a struggle with most couples who are stagnant in their ways and thoughts, it would certainly take it’s time (as well as money) in putting this theory into practice. Interventions: While I could see the interventions in this model being a little easier to work with when working with an individual, it would be difficult with a couple because I would not only be dealing with one personality type, but two different one’s, sometimes very different. Further, at the end of therapy, it is hard to know if the couple will recover from their problems well enough to have a healthier relationship. Thus, not knowing that the initial improvements that the couple works on during therapy even appear to last as the couple goes onto being and making it on their own. The addition of a â€Å"communication skills† to this therapy may be able to help improve the lasting effect of treatment to some extent for the couple. Emotion-Focused Therapy Theory: The theoretical model of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) would be a good fit for me for the following reasons. The speaking and understanding of emotions is a huge part of any/every relationship, and this theory views both partners as lacking in some skills in misunderstanding such emotions; men need to expand their emotional repertoire and women need to feel powerful enough to express their needs. Also, validation of one’s feelings, i. . fear, sadness, hurt, anger, is an important part of growth, intimacy and understanding between a couple. It is when emotions are not heard or misunderstood that couple’s begin holding grudges and the relationship undoubtedly suffers. That is why this model of therapy is so important, is because it focuses on an individuals emotions, which is one of the most salient parts of change in human behavior, in turn validating the partners’ emotions and attachment needs, responding genuinely to the partners individually, and try to stir the two partners’ own ability to heal themselves and their relationship. In my opinion, EFT is humanistic based, and believes the couple can heal itself. This way, I as the therapist should not be doing more work than the couple, rather leading them in a direction that does not shows a patriarchal pathologization of connection and attachment (women’s ways of relating), and idealization of separation and individuation (men’s ways of relating). Role of the Therapist: I would be comfortable using this theoretical model in the future for the following reasons. I believe that in this model the therapy session is used as a healing time where a corrective emotional experience between partners happens, and it is that process that leads to the method of therapeutic change. EFT has the unique factors of seeing change in therapy where there is focus on the partners emotions, in turn leading the therapist to empower the clients. When used in a clinical setting, I believe I would benefit from using this model because I would be able to help my clients understand that when one partner expresses their underlying feelings, the other should change their perceptions in an understanding way after hearing their feelings. Also, with this model I would be able to teach my clients to learn to understand their underlying emotions and to productively express their emotional needs to their partner. Foremost, pointing out to my clients that they both need to take responsibility for their emotional needs and to be able to receive validation from the other partner for those needs. Being from a South-East Asian background, I have noticed that I am pulled towards therapy models that are culturally sensitive. EFT is culturally sensitive as universal emotions between the couple are examined, but placed in a personal cultural context. For example, shame is universal, but shame takes on an additional role in the Pakistani culture. Anger is universal, but often takes different forms when men and women express it. Responsibility is universal, but what’s â€Å"a man’s responsibility† and â€Å"a woman’s responsibility† is determined but the culture’s views of marriage. Interventions: One of the interventions in this model that resonated with me is that I, as the therapist, have to seek out vulnerable emotions in my clients, and very slowly build the awareness of them, an example can be of moving from â€Å"uncomfortable† to â€Å"upset† to â€Å"hurt† eventually. On the other hand, this may be difficult to do in some clients with a South-East Asian and/or Asian and/or Middle Eastern descent because most individuals from that region find it difficult to face their emotions or being vulnerable in front of a ‘stranger’ (the therapist) because of cultural upbringing. Hence, it may be a challenging concept to bring into practice when dealing with population from the East because most people from that part of the world are raised and taught to conceal their emotions and not expose them to show one’s vulnerability, which in turn means being a failure for individuals. This means, I as the therapist will probably need to take more time building a relationship alliance with my clients so we can make use of the valuable interventions that this model provides. Another salient part of this model I can see myself using in practice is when I am uncovering the â€Å"primary† or underlying emotions, I notice the language the partners use. For instance, the partner’s may say things like â€Å"I feel like I’m drowning,† it may seem dramatic, but it captures an intense, painful, and powerful emotional experience of the individual. I can point out to my clients that the â€Å"secondary† emotions of anger and resentment are far easier to show and talk about which many couples end up doing. How to cite Structural Family Therapy, Essays

Structural Family Therapy Free Essays

string(310) " Family Therapy that resonates with me is that one of the prime goals of this model is to identify the primary focus of intervention \(the family\) and reflect an understanding that positive and negative behaviors both influence and are influenced by the relationships each family member has with one another\." Structural Family Therapy (SFT) has a few interventions within the theoretical model that I could see myself using with clients (families) from diverse backgrounds with diverse presenting problems. I am in agreement with the way this model looks at the different types of families and the types of issues they present with such as the patterns common to troubled families; some being â€Å"enmeshed,† chaotic and tightly interconnected, while others are â€Å"disengaged,† isolated and seemingly unrelated. This model also helped me understand that families are structured in â€Å"subsystems† with â€Å"boundaries,† their members not seeing these complexities and problems that are going on between them. We will write a custom essay sample on Structural Family Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compared to the four family and couple therapy models in this paper, I think this model fits the most with Adlerian assumptions for the following reasons. This model understands and speaks to the complexities in the family system, the roles that each member takes on how they relate to each other, of power, and hierarchy, thus treating the family system holistically. This is also similar to the emphasis on democratic parenting skills that Adler focused on, with the aim to help families understand that relationships based on power and hierarchy are not effective in the long run. A few other similarities between SFT and Adlerian interventions are the use of reenactment, metaphors, and focusing on the family’s strengths to work toward a common goal of a changing the existing structure of the family to a healthier one. Role of the Therapist: When using this model, I would be comfortable as the therapist as my goal would be to join the system using myself to transform it. In that role, I would be active and directive, determining the structure of the therapy and facilitating the process. This model may work better with families from diverse background because from personal experience and understanding, it may be easier for Asians to let the therapist take on the facilitator role, structuring and directing because most Eastern cultures and families are run that way. I like the aspect of this model where the therapist seeks to change the maladaptive patterns by choreographing family interactions in session in order to create the opportunity for new, more functional interactions to emerge, using the major techniques of joining (engaging and entering the family system), diagnosing (identifying maladaptive interactions and family strengths), and restructuring (transforming maladaptive interactions). By learning how to use this model well, I could learn to assess and facilitate healthy family interactions based on cultural norms of the family being helped when using this theoretical model in practice. Interventions: Most of Minuchin’s interventions under this model resonated with me, however it seems as if this model (and Minuchin himself) tends to be quite directive, I will have to keep in mind that for some families this may not be the best approach to take because they may find it offensive and crossing their (the family’s) boundaries. I also think that with the use of common sense and after building an alliance with the family, the direct approach can be a healthy no-nonsense way of helping the clients see the problem, and facilitating change may not be a process that gets dragged on for months. I think practicing the intervention of joining could benefit me as a therapist because I as the therapist would support specific behaviors or verbalizations to increase the strength and independence of every member of the family, subsystems, and alliances. I could do this by adjusting to the communication style and perceptions of the family members to â€Å"join† the system, making the goal to establish an effective therapeutic relationship with the family. I can also resonate with using restructuring where I would be able to utilize therapeutic interventions that bring about change through modification in the family structure. Functional Family Therapy Theory: Functional Family Therapy (FFT) is a theoretical model that fits with me for the following reasons. FFT’s three intervention phases- engagement and motivation, behavior change, and generalization- are straight forward techniques for the therapist to follow and interventions that are interdependent. I like the systematic approach to understanding families in this model, and that it can be used as a prevention and intervention model when dealing with family systems. I think this model is quite similar ith Adlerian assumptions because the use of techniques such as engagement and motivation establishes a family-focused perception of the presenting problem that serves to increase the family members hope and expectation of change, decrease resistance, improve alliance with one another and create greater trust between family and therapist, reduce negativity within family, and assist in building respect for individual differences and values. Clinician s provide concrete behavioral intervention to guide and model specific behavior changes such as parenting, communication, and conflict management. Role of the Therapist: As a future therapist whose goal is to practice with diverse populations, I would be comfortable using functional therapy because of the flexible integration of clinical theory as part of the model’s design which offers an opportunity to meet families where they are most comfortable, understand and encourage their natural social networks and to provide culturally and linguistically responsive services as truly part of the treatment process. I think this model has flexibility and extends to all family members and thereby results in effective moment-by-moment decisions in the intervention setting, thus being systemic and individualized. In my personal opinion and experience, I find that the field of psychology is lacking in diverse cultural competencies as much as the society is diverse in its population. I believe that as with using any theoretical model, the therapists’ cultural knowledge needs to include understanding of the many cultural considerations influencing the effectiveness of treatment when dealing with clients from diverse backgrounds. When servicing the individuals in the family, care and attention needs to be directed towards family and community norms and values around help seeking, secrecy and confidentiality, family roles, child rearing and spiritual practices. Interventions: One of the main interventions of Functional Family Therapy that resonates with me is that one of the prime goals of this model is to identify the primary focus of intervention (the family) and reflect an understanding that positive and negative behaviors both influence and are influenced by the relationships each family member has with one another. You read "Structural Family Therapy" in category "Family" Therefore, making functional therapy a multi systemic program, meaning that it focuses on the multiple domains and systems within which families live and interact with one another. Within this context, FFT works first to develop family members’ inner strengths and sense of being able to improve their situations by using skill building techniques. These characteristics provide the family with a platform for change and future functioning that extends beyond the direct support of the therapist and other social systems. As hopeful as it may sound, when using this theoretical model, I as the therapist could lead the family to greater self sufficiency that work for them as a team, and not against each other. Solution-Focused Therapy Theory: The way the Solution-Focused Therapy (SFT) theoretical model fits me is that it focuses on exceptions to the family’s problem, working towards a change in behavior which can naturally develop through this process. I think this model is similar to the Adlerian assumptions where it is future oriented and personally, I think it is quite an insight-oriented model, not getting too deep into one particular family member’s â€Å"pathology,† but rather focusing on what the system can do to adapt to it, and allows the family decide if that â€Å"pathology† is a problem or not. Like the Adlerian model, SFT looks at the family system holistically, taking every member into account yet working as a whole towards a common goal of having a healthier relationship with one another. I think this is an essential aspect in family therapy because he therapist is not only dealing with one individual, but a few, with different personality types and world views. Role of the Therapist: The aspects of this theory that I like is that it differs from some traditional therapy models and does not focus on the cause of the family’s problems nor dictated the way the family is supposed to work, but focuses more on a better approach that moves the family focus off of what is wrong and onto what is right, stresses the resources and skills clients already have and bring into therapy, and helps the family members take on the role of the experts (which they hold anyway) and take responsibility for setting their own goals and reaching them. Putting this into practice, I would see the family not become stuck in a passive and helpless role as a family unit, locked into a problem narrative they rehearse over and over again, but more active participants in the therapeutic process. From the South-East Asian perspective, this model could be effective working with multi-cultural families because the therapists maintain a future more directed focus, with language like â€Å"as things get better†¦ † â€Å"lets work on positive reinforcement with the kids this week†¦ â€Å". From my personal experiences and observations, because the idea of therapy is still a very new, almost unpopular concept, it is difficult for South East Asians to do too much ‘processing’ of a negative situation, and would rather prefer to focus on the positive, which in turn may give them insight into the negative, leading to a positive change. Interventions: The intervention that resonated with me in this model is that solution building is the goal, and as the family changes the language that shapes how they think about the problem, they change the language that shapes how they think about the solution. This model does not put too much emphasis on what is missing and that which causes woe for the family, but what is positive and present and that which can lead to a healthier relationship amongst the family members. From my viewpoint, there are quite a few similarities between SFT and the interventions used in the Adlerian model that resonate with me personally and I will use as part of my interventions in the future. For example, asking each member the ‘miracle question’ such as â€Å"if one night you were sleeping and a miracle happened and fixed this (the presenting problem) problem, what would that look like? As it is the goal from the Adlerian perspective, the key with this question from the SFT perspective is not to immediately â€Å"find the cure†, but rather to refocus their attention on the elements they need to construct a new and positive story of how their life is going to be. I also like the intervention in this theory that rather than summing up wha t the therapist thinks the client is saying, the therapist asks questions to focus and direct the client’s thinking and view; which in turn gives the other family members a chance to listen and understand where the family member is coming from as well. The solution may not even look like it will fit or resolve the problem, however a small enough change will nudge the system in a different direction and that may be all that is needed for the family to move towards a positive change. Integrative Behavioral Therapy Theory: Integrative Behavioral Therapy (IBT) is a newer model based on traditional models of behavioral couples therapy. In this particular model, one of the goals of therapy is to help the couple understand that some problems can be resolved by compromise, but realistically some likely can not. Also, the aim for this model is to help the couple see that it is not the incompatibilities, but the rigid, negative, and excessive emotional responses that can develop from these unresolved issues that creates the problems and misunderstandings between them. I do believe the models of this theory because it is helping the couple realize that talking about how they feel and think about problems sometimes is necessary before they go on to accept them. Also, I like the approach of the theory that most partners can learn ways to alter the negative emotional responses they have to problems, responses that make them, as well as their partners, unhappy. However, on the other hand, this theory tends to have an optimistic approach that most partners can learn new ways to resolve relational problems, but realistically human behavior is not as easy to change as this theory predicts it can. Role of the Therapist: I can see myself using parts of this theoretical model for the following reasons. I think this model has somewhat of a no-nonsense approach and suggests that simply talking about how one feels and thinks about a problem is not very helpful; rather, teaching the couple to do something about it is what can really help them. However, for the partners to learn ways to break bad patterns of behavior that cause problems in their relationship, as this model suggests, is easier said than done in some relationships. As this model suggests, most partners can learn new ways to compromise and resolve problems, making each other happier, it is a concept that may be quite challenging for couples to put into practice outside of the therapeutic setting, where they have the therapist to play the role of the coach in their relationship. Therefore, as much as I love the idea of a couple not only talking the talk, but walking the walk, this may be a struggle with most couples who are stagnant in their ways and thoughts, it would certainly take it’s time (as well as money) in putting this theory into practice. Interventions: While I could see the interventions in this model being a little easier to work with when working with an individual, it would be difficult with a couple because I would not only be dealing with one personality type, but two different one’s, sometimes very different. Further, at the end of therapy, it is hard to know if the couple will recover from their problems well enough to have a healthier relationship. Thus, not knowing that the initial improvements that the couple works on during therapy even appear to last as the couple goes onto being and making it on their own. The addition of a â€Å"communication skills† to this therapy may be able to help improve the lasting effect of treatment to some extent for the couple. Emotion-Focused Therapy Theory: The theoretical model of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) would be a good fit for me for the following reasons. The speaking and understanding of emotions is a huge part of any/every relationship, and this theory views both partners as lacking in some skills in misunderstanding such emotions; men need to expand their emotional repertoire and women need to feel powerful enough to express their needs. Also, validation of one’s feelings, i. . fear, sadness, hurt, anger, is an important part of growth, intimacy and understanding between a couple. It is when emotions are not heard or misunderstood that couple’s begin holding grudges and the relationship undoubtedly suffers. That is why this model of therapy is so important, is because it focuses on an individuals emotions, which is one of the most salient parts of change in human behavior, in turn validating the partners’ emotions and attachment needs, responding genuinely to the partners individually, and try to stir the two partners’ own ability to heal themselves and their relationship. In my opinion, EFT is humanistic based, and believes the couple can heal itself. This way, I as the therapist should not be doing more work than the couple, rather leading them in a direction that does not shows a patriarchal pathologization of connection and attachment (women’s ways of relating), and idealization of separation and individuation (men’s ways of relating). Role of the Therapist: I would be comfortable using this theoretical model in the future for the following reasons. I believe that in this model the therapy session is used as a healing time where a corrective emotional experience between partners happens, and it is that process that leads to the method of therapeutic change. EFT has the unique factors of seeing change in therapy where there is focus on the partners emotions, in turn leading the therapist to empower the clients. When used in a clinical setting, I believe I would benefit from using this model because I would be able to help my clients understand that when one partner expresses their underlying feelings, the other should change their perceptions in an understanding way after hearing their feelings. Also, with this model I would be able to teach my clients to learn to understand their underlying emotions and to productively express their emotional needs to their partner. Foremost, pointing out to my clients that they both need to take responsibility for their emotional needs and to be able to receive validation from the other partner for those needs. Being from a South-East Asian background, I have noticed that I am pulled towards therapy models that are culturally sensitive. EFT is culturally sensitive as universal emotions between the couple are examined, but placed in a personal cultural context. For example, shame is universal, but shame takes on an additional role in the Pakistani culture. Anger is universal, but often takes different forms when men and women express it. Responsibility is universal, but what’s â€Å"a man’s responsibility† and â€Å"a woman’s responsibility† is determined but the culture’s views of marriage. Interventions: One of the interventions in this model that resonated with me is that I, as the therapist, have to seek out vulnerable emotions in my clients, and very slowly build the awareness of them, an example can be of moving from â€Å"uncomfortable† to â€Å"upset† to â€Å"hurt† eventually. On the other hand, this may be difficult to do in some clients with a South-East Asian and/or Asian and/or Middle Eastern descent because most individuals from that region find it difficult to face their emotions or being vulnerable in front of a ‘stranger’ (the therapist) because of cultural upbringing. Hence, it may be a challenging concept to bring into practice when dealing with population from the East because most people from that part of the world are raised and taught to conceal their emotions and not expose them to show one’s vulnerability, which in turn means being a failure for individuals. This means, I as the therapist will probably need to take more time building a relationship alliance with my clients so we can make use of the valuable interventions that this model provides. Another salient part of this model I can see myself using in practice is when I am uncovering the â€Å"primary† or underlying emotions, I notice the language the partners use. For instance, the partner’s may say things like â€Å"I feel like I’m drowning,† it may seem dramatic, but it captures an intense, painful, and powerful emotional experience of the individual. I can point out to my clients that the â€Å"secondary† emotions of anger and resentment are far easier to show and talk about which many couples end up doing. How to cite Structural Family Therapy, Essays

Gender Bias in the courtroom Essay Example For Students

Gender Bias in the courtroom Essay Although there have been many changes in our society concerning discrimination against ones gender, there is still one area that has yet to change. If we take a man and a woman convicted of the same crime, it is very likely that the man will receive a more callous sentence. Since the beginning of the colonial era, 20,000 people have been lawfully executed in America, but only 400 of them have been women, including 27 who were found guilty of witchcraft. In the 23 years since the Supreme Court reinstated capital punishment, 5,569 total death sentences have been given out by courts, 112 to women. Of these 112, only one has been executed, compared with 301 men. Leigh Beinen, a Northwestern University law professor who studies the gender bias in capital cases nationwide, thinks the reason so few women face execution has to do with the symbolism thats central to the death penalty. She said, Capital punishment is about portraying people as devils, but women are usually seen as less threatening. In 1977, Guinevere Garcia murdered her daughter, and later received a 10-year sentence for the killing. Four months after her release, she killed her husband during a robbery attempt. This time, the court imposed the death penalty. Garcia had refused to appeal her sentence, and opposed efforts to save her. Death penalty opponents turned to Illinois Gov. Jim Edgar who as a state legislator, voted to restore the death penalty. The facts of the case swayed his opinion and just hours before the scheduled execution, Edgar commuted Garcias sentence to life without parole, his first such act in more than five years in office. Juries and judges tend to find more justifying factors in capital cases involving women than in ones involving men, Beinen explains. Women who kill abusive spouses, for example, are often seen as victims. Women are more likely to kill someone they know without any premeditation, which is considered less serious than killing a stranger, while some women are presented by defense attorneys as operating under the domination of men. And Garcias case, according to Edgar, was not the worst of the worst. According to a study conducted by Victor Streib, an expert on gender bias, has shown that women are involved in 13 percent of U.S. murder arrests, they account for only 2 percent of the death sentences, and make up only 1. 5 percent of all persons presently on death row. Those last two figures have remained just about the same for 20 years. Streib says that prosecutors try to defeminize defendants by portraying them as lesbians, even if theyre not, or prone to violence, gang leaders or having other traits contrary to natural female patterns. But prosecutors still have a tough time overcoming defense tactics that include profuse crying, bodily shaking, and a head hung in shame. By using this style of defense, it lumps women in with the retarded and children by implying that they cant control their own actions.

Thanks for the Insult free essay sample

Youll never be a successful lawyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Thanks for the Insult or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even ifyou try, youll never make it. The words are still so fresh it seems asthough they were said yesterday. The shame and anger I felt still seeps throughmy veins and the voice shrieks through my ears like a broken record that wontstop. It isnt the voice of a peer, rival or someone I shouldnt respect. Itsthe voice of my eighth-grade history teacher Mrs. Smith*. That year, Idecided I really wanted to be a lawyer. I told everyone I had my heart set on it,and they encouraged me. Except for one person. In my last class of theyear, I started a conversation with Mrs. Smith. More people became involved and Ibroached the topic of becoming a lawyer. With only 30 seconds of the school yearleft, the words that changed my life rolled out of her mouth loud enough for theentire class to hear -Youll never be a successful lawyer. I didntknow what to say. I wasnt exactly student of the year, but I wasntstupid. I admit I was slightly talkative in her class, but I didnt think it wasenough for a teacher to insult me directly. Confused, I looked at her with myeyes full of tears and left the classroom as the bell rang. I havent talked toher since. I was so hurt at first, and extremely angry, too. All I couldthink about was getting her in trouble or telling everyone what a bad person shewas. Once I cooled down and gave it some thought, I realized it was the bestthing anyone had ever said to me. It was better than encouragement and kindwords; it was reality, something that had never occurred to me. It wasnt untilthat moment I realized becoming a lawyer was going to take a lot of hard work. IfI dont give everything 110% effort, Mrs. Smith might end up being right. In addition to the reality check, I was inspired to prove her wrong andprove to my-self that I was better than she had made me feel. Once I become thatsuccessful law-yer, I will find Mrs. Smith and face her like I had been tooscared to do at 13. Instead of yelling and bragging that I proved her wrong, allI will say is, Thank you, Mrs. Smith. * Name changed.

Free Essays on Comparsion Of War Paintings

The two pictures express the experience of war in completely different ways. Although both pictures represent a deep underlying meaning of war, Picasso’s Guernica interprets war in a very abstract and symbolic way. Lee Teter’s painting Reflection is a realism painting. Both paintings reflect human values and beliefs. Guernica is set in a dull black, white and gray set of colors. Reflection has more vivid and bright colors. Picasso’s portrays the victims suffering, dismembered bodies, while Teter’s painting portrays the soldiers in solitude and whole form. Guernica is full of hidden images and themes. Reflection has an overall theme that is more easily seen. Guernica’s forms and figures are very exaggerated and Reflections figures are more realistic. Picasso’s painting is an expression of outrage of the Spanish Civil War. Teter’s painting is a more grief stricken expression of World War I. Similarities in the two painting are they both have strong clashing of light and dark tones in the colors. They both represent war, hurt, pain, suffering and lose. Each picture express the experience of war in a different yet similar way, by the loss it represents, the sorrow and sadness felt. In Teter’s painting shows death is shown through remembrance while the Guernica shows a more gruesome and painful side of the war. I personally like the Lee Teter’s painting â€Å"Reflection†. I understand the realism in art better. I can appreciate the use in color and contrast. I believe the symbolism of the memorial wall is hugely influence in the meaning of war and how many deaths come from the war. I feel a sense of unity with the civilian and how he is looking back at the ones he left behind. Overall both painting are very remarkable and unique with countless symbolism used to represent the different aspects of war. Paintings such as these make it easy for someone to relate a feeling or thought to war and its true m... Free Essays on Comparsion Of War Paintings Free Essays on Comparsion Of War Paintings The two pictures express the experience of war in completely different ways. Although both pictures represent a deep underlying meaning of war, Picasso’s Guernica interprets war in a very abstract and symbolic way. Lee Teter’s painting Reflection is a realism painting. Both paintings reflect human values and beliefs. Guernica is set in a dull black, white and gray set of colors. Reflection has more vivid and bright colors. Picasso’s portrays the victims suffering, dismembered bodies, while Teter’s painting portrays the soldiers in solitude and whole form. Guernica is full of hidden images and themes. Reflection has an overall theme that is more easily seen. Guernica’s forms and figures are very exaggerated and Reflections figures are more realistic. Picasso’s painting is an expression of outrage of the Spanish Civil War. Teter’s painting is a more grief stricken expression of World War I. Similarities in the two painting are they both have strong clashing of light and dark tones in the colors. They both represent war, hurt, pain, suffering and lose. Each picture express the experience of war in a different yet similar way, by the loss it represents, the sorrow and sadness felt. In Teter’s painting shows death is shown through remembrance while the Guernica shows a more gruesome and painful side of the war. I personally like the Lee Teter’s painting â€Å"Reflection†. I understand the realism in art better. I can appreciate the use in color and contrast. I believe the symbolism of the memorial wall is hugely influence in the meaning of war and how many deaths come from the war. I feel a sense of unity with the civilian and how he is looking back at the ones he left behind. Overall both painting are very remarkable and unique with countless symbolism used to represent the different aspects of war. Paintings such as these make it easy for someone to relate a feeling or thought to war and its true m...

Developing an Evaluation Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Developing an Evaluation Plan - Assignment Example The tools that will be used in the evaluation process include questionnaires, surveys, assessment tests, and weight scales. This paper aims at analyzing the methods of evaluating the project and their outcomes. Interviews are the main method of carrying out the evaluation process. The interviews will be conducted face to face by the dietician and the physical exercise instructor. This is because these individuals have the knowledge of the project and they have the ability to interpret the non-verbal communication of the participants (Napoli, Shah, Waters, Sinacore, Qualls, & Villareal, 2014). In case these tutors need help they will recruit individuals who will help them to conduct the implementation and evaluation of the results. The diet and exercise tutors will also be involved in the interviews because they have knowledge of the questions that will help them to get the desired results (Wadden, & Stunkard, 2004). The face to face interviews will help in determining the attitudes and perceptions of the staff and participants who will take part in the project. These attitudes and perceptions will then help to know whether these members are willing to stop or continue taking part in the program. The interviews are efficient because they help the research to get unlimited, well-explained, and detailed responses. The other efficiency of interviews stems from the fact that the interviewers are able to read and interpret the body language of the respondents (Kang, 2012). The second method of evaluating the program is the use of questionnaires. Questionnaires are documents that contain questions that require written responses from the respondents. The questionnaires will be administered to the respondents occasionally to find out how they will be progressing with the program. The documents will contain both closed and open-ended questions to allow for

Psychosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychosis - Research Paper Example Suicidal tendency is more among patients with psychosis. It can occur as part of psychological diseases such as bipolar disease, delusions, depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia etc. Lots of reasons are cited for the occurrence of psychosis. Heredity, environment and some physical diseases such as HIV, brain tumor etc can play a pivotal role in causing psychosis. This paper analyses various dimensions such as causes, symptoms, treatment options etc of psychosis. Causes of Psychosis The exact causes of psychosis are still unknown to the medical science. However, psychologists and psychiatrists are of the view that along with biological reasons, heredity and environment also play an important role in causing psychosis. It is not necessary that psychosis is caused by one single reason. In many cases, more than one reason is associated with psychosis. Like most of the other psychological diseases, stress is associated with psychosis. Tough life situations can often generate in tolerable amount of stress. Suppression of stress often results in emotional outbursts or catharsis in the form of psychosis. â€Å"Being born in the winter months, being brought up in a big city, immigration, childhood head injury, stressful life events and use of street drugs† etc are some of the environmental factors which can cause psychosis (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1). Environment can condition or strengthen some of our behaviors. For example, a person brought up in a city may struggle to adjust with the poor living conditions of a rural area. The luxurious life styles of the city need not be available in rural areas. Sudden changes in living standards or life styles can develop frustration and stress which may lead towards psychosis. I have a friend who has developed psychosis when he got employment in a city. He was an innocent person and was unaware of the malpractices in the city. When he faced challenges from the crooked fellow employees, it was difficult for him to adapt with it and subsequently he developed signs of psychosis and forced to resign from his employment. Genetic factors can also contribute to the development of psychosis. Our brain receives and sends different information and instructions with the help of neurotransmitters, transporters and receptors. Genes, the basic building blocks of our DNA, instruct our body in the protein manufacturing process. Genes can commit mistake in the protein manufacturing process which is often referred as mutation. â€Å"When a mutation occurs in a gene that contains the instructions for a brain protein, like a neurotransmitter, it may contribute to a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is one of the factors in the development of psychosis† (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1) Alcohol and certain illegal drugs, both during use and during withdrawal can cause psychosis along with Brain tumors, Dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chromosomal disorders, HIV, some pres cription drugs such as steroids and stimulants, Some types of epilepsy and Stroke can cause psychosis (Psychosis, 2010). It is proved scientifically that thyroid problems can cause psychological diseases. In short, heredity, environment and biological factors can contribute to the development of psychosis. Symptoms of Psychosis Confused thoughts, feeling about sped up or slowed down thoughts, preoccupation with unusual ideas, belief in other’

Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay

Basic Concepts And Principles In Modern Musical Analysis Music Essay Abstract: this subject is fascinating through the interpretive possibilities that it opens. The accurate understanding and practice of Schenkers theories leads to a different perception of the music and to a natural way of performing. Therefore, we consider the schenkerian analysis not only a theory, but also a comprehensive way of understanding musical works. Schenkerian analysis provides a comprehensive view of music from the small to the large representing thus a great asset to hearing understanding and performance. Key words: musical analysis, Schenker, background, middle ground, foreground, prolongation, structure 1.  Introduction The schenkerian analyses are a method based on the theories of Heinrich Schenker whose purpose is to disclose the structure of a tonal piece, through musical notations. The basic principle in the structure of a piece for the Schenkerian analysis is showing hierarchical relationships amongst the notes of the passage through making reductions of the music and through a specialized symbolic musical notation that Schenker developed to demonstrate various techniques of prolongation. He considered that the deep, long-range structure of a piece of music has no particular rhythm, so the musical reductions of Schenkerian analysis are usually arrhythmic. Schenkerian analysis the long-range structure is defined Background (or fundamental structure, while the surface aspects of the music are the Foreground. One can state the idea that the background of a musical composition is arrhythmic or, rhythm is a characteristic of the musical foreground. In the most common way, the purpose of schenkerian analysis is to omit the unessential and to emphasize the important relations. 2. Basic concepts There are many methods of approaching the schenkerian analyses. Schenker, followed by Jonas, began by describing the essential structure of music: the triad and its linear unfolding through arpeggiation and through passing and auxiliary notes, in its most abstract form. Next, they discuss the forms that these structures could have in any musical context. Schenkers approach relies on the fundamental principles of the harmony and counterpoint. Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, on the other hand, began by showing different apparitions of the arpeggiation, passing tones, etc. at the note-to-note level before showing the way to use these in order to create musical forms of greater proportions. Other music theorists, for example Felix Salzer and Carl Schachter, added to and spread Schenkers ideas. By the 1960s, Schenkerian analysis had begun to attract renewed interest, and by the 1980s, it had become one of the main analytical methods used by many music theorists. 2.1. Structural concepts Fundamental structure (Ursatz) is the representative progression of which all tonal pieces are hypothetically an elaboration that Schenker believed to be (along with a number of variants) the most basic expression of tonal music. It consists of the descending progression from , or in the upper part (Urlinie) over a bass progression (Bassbrechung) that emerges in the background as part of the fundamental structure. This progression represents one of the simplest contrapuntal expressions of the I-V-I unit. Schenker described the fundamental structure as a tension span, as the tension introduced by the initial is not resolved until the music reaches the final over the tonic. For Schenker, this tension span was what tied complex and various pieces of music into a single coherent work of art. Schenker considered that any piece of tonal music can be described as an elaboration of this pattern: tonal pieces generally start with I and the V I epitomizes the final perfect cadence of the piece. Nevertheless, in a longer piece, whole sections may prolong V (Schenker called this a tonicization of the dominant) and also, there may be other harmonic sections prolonged in between the initial I and the V of the final perfect cadence, the bass of the fundamental structure appearing in many different layers of a piece. The bass line is only a harmonic progression and Schenkers theory seeks to comprehend music in terms of a two-part contrapuntal structure. Layer or level (Schicht) represents the fundamental idea of Schenkerian theory that music consists of a series of layers of elaboration. Schenker suggests that simpler layers underpin the complex ones in almost the way in which a variation on a theme supports the surface of the music. Background (Hintergrund) refers only to the Ursatz form that covers a whole piece or movement. In some cases, one can use it to refer to the Ursatz and its immediate prolongations (like the initial ascent etc.) that are usually part of the first level of the middle ground. In theory, one simple progression that spans the entire piece is the foundation on which the composer created the entire piece. First-level Middle ground refers to the immediate prolongations of the Ursatz that Schenker restricts to a small number of strictly defined forms. The background sometimes refers to this level of the structure as elaborations. Middle ground (Mittelgrund) is the surface layer of a piece of music, the background being the deepest layer, of which the whole piece is understood to be an elaboration. The middle ground has a variable number of occurring layers that a Schenkerian analysis will identify between the foreground and background. Foreground (Vordergrund) is the surface layer of the music. Schenker regards music in terms of layers of elaboration from the profound structure to the surface. Prolongation refers to the elaboration of contrapuntal structures. Schenker considered that all tonal pieces are therefore, a prolongation of the Ursatz. The concept of prolongation lies at the foundation of Schenkers theory and is the most influential element of it. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. Because diminutions must prolong a harmonic unit in Schenkers theory, only a note that is consonant with the prevailing harmony can generate a diminution. Prolongation is an extension through time (by an arpeggio, for example) in a piece of music of a harmonic unit (a chord or a note from that chord). Schenkers analyses, at their simplest level, show how linear units prolong harmonic units. Tonicization is the Schenkerian term for modulation. The use of this term highlights the fact that a tonal piece corresponds to a contrapuntal realization of the tonic. 2.2. Melodic concepts Fundamental descent (Urlinie) is the top line of the two-part Ursatz, comprising a note by note descent from , or to . The term reflects Schenkers belief that this archetypal descending motion underlines all tonal pieces. Primary tone (Kopfton) is the first note of the Urlinie (meaning the , or ). Finding the correct primary tone is an important aspect as it can make a considerable difference to the rest of an analysis. If the Urlinie appears is elaborated of an initial ascent, the Kopfton will not be found right at the beginning of the piece. Bass Arpeggiation (Bassbrechung) literally translates as breaking of the bass, but is more often referred to as the bass arpeggiation. The Bassbrechung is the I-V-I that support the Urlinie as part of the Ursatz, including all the elaborations of this pattern. The basic harmonic progression appears as contrapuntally elaborated, normally creating harmonic patterns such as I-III-V-I or I-II-V-I. Diminution refers to the embellishment of simpler musical structures beneath the surface of the music and describes the process of linear units prolonging harmonic ones. The process of analysis is partly one of looking behind the surface diminutions, but Schenker was more interested in a process of generation from background to foreground (composing-out). Schenker used the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from species counterpoint in order to identify a number of common linear units that he calls diminutions. His analyses, at their most simple level, show how these linear units prolong harmonic units. A theme and variations is a very good example of diminution, because in this genre, the theme supports increasingly complex figurations. Each variation is different but the presence of the theme beneath the surface of the music unifies the whole work. Arpeggiation (Brechung) is a simple elaboration that consists of notes consonant with the prolonged harmony. It is a single movement through notes from a harmony, in the same direction, prolonging a harmonic unit by arpeggiating the notes of the triad. An arpeggiation can only prolong a triad with the exception of the dominant seventh chord. This chord is universal in tonal music that in many situations it makes sense to treat it as a consonant sonority like the triad. In Schenkerian analysis, diminutions usually prolong a harmonic unit and a particular note from that unit. In the arpeggiation (where all the notes belong to the triad), just context could enlighten the main note that is being prolonged, although diminutions are always a prolongation of either their first or last note. The Schenkerian model is a dynamic one the diminution is not static but moves either to or from a principal note. Consonant Skip is a term used by Allen Forte and by some Schenkerian analysts to refer to simple two-note (or incomplete) arpeggiations, which usually constitute some sort of unfolding. The term refers to a particular diminution in which the voice leaps from one note of the harmonic unit to another note of the same harmonic unit. A consonant skip contains only notes from the harmonic unit that it is prolonging. In a Schenkerian analysis, diminutions generally prolong either a harmonic unit or a particular note from it. As in an arpeggiation, both notes from the consonant skip are belong to the triad of the harmonic unit, thus the prolonged note depends on the context. Neighbour Note (Nebennote) is a diminution in which a note is ornamented by a figure that moves stepwise to a note above or below the original note before returning to it. In other words, it elaborates a note of a chord through stepwise motion to and/or from a dissonance. Neighbour notes may also be incomplete (move to a note a step away and not return to the original note). A complete neighbour note moves stepwise a dissonance and back again. An incomplete neighbour note can move from the dissonance to the consonance or the reverse. Passing note (Durchgang) Some Schenkerian analysts recognize most passing note progressions as Linear Progressions (see separate entry). In order to be a true linear progression, however, the passing note must be the elaboration of a harmony. A passing note right at the foreground (surface) of a piece of music may not always fulfil this condition. Examples might be a chromatic passing note or a note that connects two surface harmonies. Mixture (Mischung) is the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees, the most common of which being to à ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ­, which in the first level middle ground can change the mode of the piece from major to minor. It is ornamentation rather than a diminution because it does not derive from the rules of strict counterpoint. It describes the flattening or sharpening of scale degrees and it usually appears in the first level middle ground in connection with as shown below. It has the effect of changing the mode from major to minor and back again. Schenker most often uses the term mixture to refer to alternation between the major and minor third in a tonic triad. Linear progression (Zug) is the Schenkerian term for a passing note intensification that elaborates a specific harmony in the middle ground or foreground. Its first and last notes must be a part of the harmony at the end of the progression. A linear progression can be either ascending or descending, therefore it moves only in one direction. Schenker appreciates that the linear progression is the unfolding of a two-note interval made up of its initial and final note. In other words, the interval between these notes (first and last) gives a linear progression its name. The simplest linear progression is the passing note, which is dissonant as it passes from one consonant note to another. 3. Basic principles Heinrich Schenkers analytical approach of music engages looking beneath the surface of music in order to understand how it connects into larger spans. It is important for the performer to reflect on the direction and shape of the phrases, in a natural and logical way. At the basic level, one can understand Schenkers ideas as a formalization of his intuitive thinking that music should not be regarded as a series of notes, but in terms of larger-scale shapes and patterns. The basic method of Schenkerian analysis is to show how elaborations such as neighbour and passing notes, progressions and arpeggios group into forming music. These patterns do not appear only on the surface of the music but that they also span much larger fragments. Schenker regarded music like a superposition of layers/levels, the surface layer being the elaboration of a simpler layer beneath that surface. The surface of the music defines as the foreground, the deepest layer the background and those layers of elaborations in between refer to as the middle ground. In addition, an important feature of Schenkerian analysis is showing how melodic figures are elaborations of harmonies. The basic ideas stated by Schenker in his theory are quite simple, but the process of analysis is a complicated one, mostly because music itself is complex. Analysts that approached this kind of analysis found that it provides richly rewarding insights into the shape and structure of tonal music. Schenker is probably most famous for his suggestion that musical works are elaborations of the basic model that he called the Ursatz a two-voice reductive structure forming the basis for an analytical approach that emphasizes the essential simplicity of tonal music. It shows how pieces are contrapuntal elaborations of a tonic chord. Schenker stated that we could reduce a piece of music to the Ursatz, and we can explore the complexities of the piece by considering them in relation to this simple model. Some theorists (like Steven Porter (2002)) that approached schenkerian analysis referred to grammar in order to explain the principles of Schenkers theories, taking into consideration that notes and chords that belong to a musical phrase are like words into a sentence. One analyzes a word as a part of speech, having, in the same time, a function within the sentence. Felix Salzer (1952) introduced a concept that describes very well the schenkerian analysis: structural hearing. He considered that the understanding of tonal music is a matter of hearing, and the ear has to be trained to hear not only a succession of tones (sounds), melodic lines and chord progressions, but also their coherence and structural signification. Schenkers conceptions rely on an observation that represents the corner stone of his research: the distinction of the chord grammar and chord signification (Salzer, 1952). Chord grammar signifies the usual method of analysis, this being the most important feature of a harmonic analysis that has the purpose of status recognition of the chords in a musical piece. On the other hand, the study of chord signification shows his specific role in a phrase, or an entire piece. Schenker discovered that the roles that chords have are diverse. Two identical chords that appear in the same phrase can fulfil different functions. The signification and the function of a sound or of a chord depend on the direction of the movement and on the purpose, in other words on the context. Schenker made a distinction between structure chords and prolongation chords, by means of chord grammar and signification, taking into consideration the direction of music this being the main idea of his approach. Salzer considered that this method of understanding the movement of music represents the instinctive perception of a truly musical ear; this can be called structural hearing. The structural outline and framework work signifies the main movement to its goal, showing the shortest way to it. Nevertheless, the tension of music consists in modifications, expansions and elaborations called prolongations of the structure, and the artistic coherence rises if one understands their basic direction. The distinction between structure and prolongation led Schenker to a new conception of the functions of harmony and counterpoint in creating organic unity: not all chords are of harmonic origin, this statement having an effect on understanding the music. Schenkers harmony explains the tonal system like a group of major triads derived from the harmonic series, like a vertical aspect of music. His theories of counterpoint show the way that simple progressions can be ornamented following simple rules based on the succession of consonant and dissonant intervals, like a horizontal aspect of the music. In Free Composition (1953), Schenker explains the way that harmony and counterpoint combine in tonal compositions. Using the basic principles of consonance and dissonance from the species counterpoint, Schenker identifies a number of common linear units that he named diminutions, showing, by means of concrete analyses, the way that these linear units prolong harmonic units. The concept of prolongation is the base of the schenkerian theories and because the diminutions have to prolong a harmonic unity, just a consonant tone with the harmony can give rise to a diminution. Beside the structural and prolongation roles or the diverse functions that chords can have, they can have harmonic or contrapuntal importance. A chord performs a harmonic function in the context of a fundamental progression. Schenker considers that the term harmony should only refer to members of a harmonic progression; these are harmonies in the true sense of the word, because they connect based on a harmonic association (Salzer, 1953). Chords not based on harmonic associations are products of motion, direction, and embellishment and have a horizontal tendency. Harmonic chords are also structural chords (they constitute the structural framework), and the contrapuntal ones are chords of prolongation (they prolong and elaborate the space between members of harmonic progressions).